Long Term Illness Essay Example for Free

Long Term Illness Essay In this assignment a focus on an individual with the long term illness/ condition of a stroke will be undertaken, examining the impact of the condition/illness from the perspective of the individual and their family and also the impact of person centred care upon nursing practice. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2008) Code of Professional Conduct Guidance has been maintained throughout this essay and therefore, all names have been altered for the purpose of confidentiality and anonymity. Currently there are around 1. 2 million stroke survivors in the UK, which is every year an estimated 152,000 people. More than half have been left with disabilities that affect their daily life. Stroke can affect anyone, no matter what their age. Around a third of all strokes happen to people under the age of 65, and around 400 children (0-18) have a stroke each year. Furthermore stroke is the largest cause of complex disability in adults. (Stroke Association 2012). A stroke is caused by the interruption of the blood supply to the brain, usually because a blood vessel bursts or is blocked by a clot. This cuts off the supply of oxygen and nutrients, causing damage to the brain tissue (WHO 2012). Mary is a 75 year old white British lady who suffered from a Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) approximately five years ago. She is a divorced lady who lives alone in a two storey house, however she has three children and numerous grandchildren who live within walking distance and whom visit on a daily basis. Mary was admitted to hospital as she had sustained a fall, fortunately nothing was broken, but she had suffered with severe bruising to her face and left side of her body resulting in loss of confidence. Mary currently takes medication for hypertension and hypercholesterolemia which her G.P monitors quite closely. On assessment it was identified that Mary has been finding it hard to accept her diagnosis, she was hoping that she would return to the same quality of life that she had before the stroke as she had never been poorly or took medication prior to this happening. CHSS (2012) state that denial initially protects you from being overwhelmed by the changes in your life. Some people may become stuck in denial. The author has chosen this condition/illness as her grandmother suffered from a stroke 10 years ago and fights everyday with her disability, because of this experience the author decided to join the nursing profession and possibly work on a stroke unit or neurology department. This assignment will help to support, educate and contribute to patients ability to care for themselves after being diagnosed with any long term illness and will be part of life long learning, the Royal College of Nursing explain that nurses are committed to lifelong learning and continuous professional development (RCN 2012). Clinical reasons for choosing this condition/illness are that on this placement the author was allocated with the stoma nurses which gave her the opportunity to work on the wards of her choice on the final two weeks of the placement, she chose the stroke unit which also allowed her to complete many achievements and outcomes for example proficiency 2.4 was met which involved working with patients and families in order to use their strengths to achieve their goals and aspirations. As a nurse it is vital that patient centred care is met in todays NHS and the care management of patients with a long term condition meaning putting the patient and their experience foremost, through communication, discussion of treatment options, potential outcomes and possible psychological effects also empowering the patient and allowing them to make choices about their healthcare (Nursing Standard 2011). As Mary was admitted with a fall investigatory questions needed to be asked to find out whether trips and falls are a common occurrence within Mary’s life and whether any member of the multi disciplinary team has implemented any changes to prevent these from happening. Through engaging in a therapeutic relationship allowing us to gain mutual respect and collaboration to develop with Mary she informed us that she has had many trips in her own home and only this one major fall outside, along with her worries and concerns which were listened to attentively. Nicol, J (2011) explain that as a nurse managing risk and promoting health and wellbeing whilst aiming to empower choices to promote self-care must be a priority therefore certain referrals need to be put in place. Firstly a referral to the physiotherapist was made within the hospital in order to improve posture and balance and make sure it is safe for Mary to return home to her own surroundings, as this was not managed post stroke admission and it is within the nurses role to make sure the patient and family are comfortable with there discharge. It is known for stroke suffers to have problems such as weakness, clumsiness or paralysis usually to one side of the body or loss of balance (Stroke Association 2008) which is why Mary has not received any further treatment from a physiotherapist after her stroke five years ago as treatment is stopped when it is no longer producing any marked improvement to your condition (NHS Choices 2012). Although from this admission it is recommend from the physiotherapist that a cane will be useful to Mary in order for her to gain more strength and move about more freely when walking outside within her limitation. A lot of time and advice was given to Mary and her family through discussion, education and effective communication, in order to help her in the decision making process and allowing Mary to realise that regaining independence requires patience (National Stroke Association 2011). Furthermore from a staff nurse’s experience in the past a referral to the Falls clinic was also put in place which was deemed successful from previous stroke survivors who have been left with similar disabilities to Mary and found this useful in the rehabilitation pathway. The Falls Clinic, (2011) aims to reduce your risk of falling and falls-related injuries and review your progress every two months for the first year. From this it enables Mary to be followed up in others ways apart from the GP ensuring that nothing significant is being missed in her care. Good engagement and collaboration allows the patient to gain full confidence and allows the nurse to develop a therapeutic nurse patient relationship providing care in a manner that enables the patient to be an equal partner in achieving wellness, which Mary had never felt before. However the family stepped forward at this point and informed the nursing team that they felt that Mary is starting to struggle around her usual housing environment and made it clear that they had no knowledge of any movement aids or assistive device until this hospital visit and talking to other families with the same problems. A referral to the Occupational Therapist was then put in place to assess and treat the physical condition using specific, purposeful activity to prevent disability and promote independent function in all aspects of daily life (NHS Careers 2012). From this referral it was decided that assistive grab bars, shower seats, supportive hand rails were put in place for easier movement around her home and further safety. This helped put her family at ease as she lives alone and copes by herself. Many stroke survivors continue to improve over a longer time in many different ways. Their recovery is in fact a long period of rehabilitation, as they learn to deal with the effects the stroke has had on them, however the psychological impact of living with a long term condition are very popular such as 30% of patients will suffer from depression at some point post-stroke (British Psychological Society 2010) and a significant proportion these remain undiagnosed or inadequately treated ( Hackett ,Yapa, Parag Anderson 2005). Therefore as a nurse it is vital all the common problems after a stroke are investigated in depth. Upon Mary’s admission these psychological issues were assessed, Mary revealed that she had a feeling of hopelessness as she was unable to look after her younger grandchildren, worrying all the time and unable to sleep furthermore she felt like a burden to her family as they now had to do her housework and her weekly shop. Feelings of loss of energy were also described and a feeling of being isolated from her friends .As this attitude from a nurses perspective is not seen as a positive one the signs and symptoms of depression after stroke were researched. Stroke Association (2012) suggest that it is vital to seek help if four or more symptoms are present which include feeling worthless, avoiding people, feeling anxious or feeling blue and patients with long term conditions being more likely to develop depression, A Two Question Screening Tool was used which also determined that depression was a strong possibility NICE (2009) recommend a two question screen tool to determine who may have depression. These questions link to the key symptoms required for a diagnosis to be made and with both questions answered yes it meant things can be put in place to manage this. However this diagnosis for Mary and her family was hard to accept as she had felt like this for numerous years and nothing had been done about it. The nursing referral to GP for further screening in the community was put in place which has to include the diagnosed stage of depression which for this patient is mild disorder and the treatment and management needed. Then it is the GP’s responsibility to set up an active review which includes self help, cognitive behavioural therapy and exercise (CSIP 2006) NIMH (2011) suggest cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT ), a type of psychotherapy, or talk therapy, that helps people change negative thinking styles and behaviours that may contribute to their depression, from this as a nurse a recommendation of a day hospice was suggested to Mary, as similar patients from the nurses experience had thoroughly enjoyed there time visiting a hospice weekly. This form of empowerment allows Mary to take greater control over decisions and actions affecting her health facilitating choice, self care and self management. Using Gibbs model of reflection (1988) it was clear to me from a student nurse perspective that Marys psychological needs were not adequately addressed, as it took six years to pick up on this adjustment in her life the healthcare in this case was not acceptable. It was upsetting to observe the patient and her family feel frustrated that nothing was done as continuing health care in stroke is a primary need and stroke survivors are eligible for NHS funding for all the individuals assessed needs ( Department of Health 2009) In order to improve nursing the stroke patient the nursing role should involve preventative care which includes providing adequate information on stroke, risk factors and any lifestyle modifications, followed by curative care which involves accurate assessment’s, planned care that is person centred, physiological monitoring and risk assessment. Finally Rehabilitative/ promotive care which entails the carry on role (therapies), safe discharge planning and excellent communication with family/carers in which most of these steps should involve depression awareness and the importance of it as those people who have a Stroke and become depressed, failure to treat results is a less than optimal rehabilitation outcome (Stroke Recovery Association 2010). In addition to this nursing staff should aim to facilitate psychological adjustment and to support understanding of the emotions associated with recovery as the interaction of psychologists and nurses provides an opportunity to normalise patients’ reactions to post-stroke difficulties also they can exchange evidence-based and patient knowledge with each other (Vohora Ogi 2008). In Mary’s case I found that this aspect of her care was dealt with very well as Mary found it a challenge to accept this change in her life the and nurses spent endless amounts of time and dedication to help Mary come to terms with her disabilities. It may be argued that staff nursing levels were a relating factor to Mary’s poor post stroke care, from working on a stroke unit previously the workload is very heavy and consists of many clinicians with appropriate levels of expertise in medicine, nursing, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, speech- language pathology, social work and clinician nutrition. Additional disciplines may include pharmacy, (neuro) psychology and recreation therapy, however it is within the nurses role to ensure all of these clinicians see there patient. In which some cases this maybe missed therefore implementing higher staffing levels may avoid this and signs of Marys depression could have been picked up amongst all of the reviews. In 2005 Lankshear published a systematic review of international research since 1990 that looked at relationships between nurse staffing and patient outcomes. Across the 22 studies covered the report stated that, †[The results] strongly suggest that higher nurse staffing and richer skill mix (especially of registered nurses) are associated with improved patient outcomes, although the effect size cannot be estimated reliably (Royal College of Nursing 2010). This would also be applied when the patient returned to there own home as people who have had a stroke and their carers value continuity, being kept informed, being included and having a clear, consistent point of contact with all the clinicians and services available.(Department of Health 2007). Another implementation that could be put in place not only for Mary’s psychological needs but also her physical needs is that Stroke specialist professionals could be involved in application and review of eligibility for Continuing Health Care in the community so that complex or hidden post stroke deficits which may be missed by generic staff can be considered. This could be included in the six week, six month and annual stroke reviews, and form part of the joint health and social care plan. (Department of Health, 2009). With this put in place Mary’s fall may have been prevented and her home could have become safer for her earlier putting her family at ease and allowing Mary to become more independent and less reliant on help. If the situation arose again and these changes were implemented then Holistic care, which is essential in nursing skills would be successful taking into consideration the psychological, environmental and spiritual needs of the patient, as well as the physical so that people are treated as whole human beings and the impact of the illness on their quality of life is met.(Nursing Standard, 2011). To conclude the role of the nurse in the management of care delivery for the patient and their family is to share their skills and knowledge with patients and their carers, acting as a key resource and providing a route to other services and professionals ( DOH 2005). As a person centred approach was used on this admission for Mary and her family it was clear that she was discharged more aware of services available to her in the community and the care given was beneficial in her life long rehabilitation process, leaving the Multidisciplinary Team confident they have done all they can for the patients individual needs.

Pool Boy :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  *::* Book Report *::*   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pool Boy was a well written story about a 15 year old boy, Brett Gerson, whose life is changed dramatically. Brett is the main character in this novel. The book Pool Boy is set in a rich part of present day California.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let it be known that the Gerson’s are EXTREMELY rich, not just fairly rich ,extremely rich. One day Brett’s father was taken away and thrown in jail for insider trading. The Gerson family had to sell almost everything that they own to try and pay back the money to the government that they owed. They were forced to move out of their luxurious home to their great aunt Mary’s house on the â€Å"other side of the tracks†, which was the poorer side. The house isn’t much, it is filled with dust and dirt balls and the beds aren’t comfortable, but it is somewhere they can live.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The struggle begins. Brett is forced to get a job to help pay for the debt, start saving for college and just for spending money. The first job Brett gets is at a fast food restaurant. This is the kind of place that he would have never gone and ate at let alone work. He is always yelling at the boss and then the boss yelling back. This job does not work out with Brett very well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After quitting his job flipping burgers, he takes a job with Alfie Moore, the old man that used to clean the pool at his old house. Brett never thought cleaning pools would be this tiring. Worst of all, after a hot summer day of work, Alfie and Brett can’t even take a quick swim in the pool that they just cleaned. At lunch time every day, Alfie would have a new recipe something like â€Å"tabbouleh†. He would make Brett try it whether or not he wanted to or didn’t want to. The men became close Brett could talk about his problems mostly with his dad and Alfie wouldn’t judge him, maybe a side comment here or there but not much. Often Alfie would talk about how he left his wife and child and he wishes his daughter would have given him a second chance when she was younger to make up for what he did. While cleaning pools everyday, the men became very close. One morning when Brett went over to Alfie’s house early one morning, as he did everyday, he found Alfie lying on the ground, the door was locked, Brett threw a rock threw the window to brake the glass to get in.

Paper Ratio and Financial Statement Analysis Essay

Executive Summary In corporate finance, both ratio and financial statement analysis are important tools that can be used in order to assess a company’s strength financially. They can be used in order to forecast a business’ prospective cash flow and ability to grow in the future, as well as a company’s strengths and weaknesses. Income statements, balance sheets, the statement of retained earnings, and the statement of cash flows are the four primary types of financial statements used in corporate finance. All of these financial statements serve to analyze a firm’s cash flows from different perspectives and are all interrelated. Ratio analysis, another important tool in financial analysis, analyzes the probability that a firm will be profitable or not. The different kinds of ratios used are liquidity ratios, efficiency ratios, leverage ratios, profitability ratios, and market-value indicators, with each type including various different specific ratios that one can calculate when examining a firm’s operability. Both the financial statements and ratio analysis offer an analysis of a firm’s finances at a particular point in time, while also forecasting its financial stability in the future. Another advantage is that they allow a firm’s finance team to compare its finances to that of other similar companies, known as benchmarks, in order to value the strength of their firm in the marketplace. However, financial statements and ratio analysis can also lack in their accuracy since financial analysis is often based on historical figures from the past several years and thus only offer the prospective financial future rather than concrete data since often a firm’s finances are based on the ever-changing marketplace or other factors not in control of the firm’s managers, such as economic conditions. Despite such disadvantages, financial statements and ratio analysis is a very important aspect in the corporate environment and essential to examining a firm’s viability. Overview In business, financial statements are important tools, which allow a firm to clearly state its financials in terms of figures, such as revenues, expenses, net incomes, etc. and analyze strengths and shortcomings of the firm. This allows the firm’s managers to clearly see what is and is not working for the firm. Ratio analysis is used when identifying and analyzing multiple variables in the firm’s operations, such as inventory, accounts receivable, net sales, etc. When completing financial statement and ratio analysis, it is beneficial for the firm to examine its financial figures over several previous consecutive years, so that any and all patterns in its operability can be observed and analyzed. Such patterns can reveal aspects of the company where efficiency is not at its finest and thus there is a financial loss. As a result, the company can implement changes in order to improve upon these shortcomings and increase its profits. Ratio analysis is both a qualitative and quantitative way of looking at the data in order to analyze how a company functions and ways to improve it by looking at present and previous functioning and forecasting the future of the company. Both financial statement and ratio analysis can provide insight into the success or failures of specific product lines, allowing managers to make intelligent decisions regarding what their firm should offer in the future to consumers. Financial statement analysis is also a way to assess and validate a company’s viability in the marketplace to outside investors/creditors. Financial statements assist managers in understanding how profitable their firm is. It is often used to make comparisons of one firm to another or of a specific time period to another time period for the same firm. The main aspects of a financial statement are revenues, expenses, and net income. Revenues are sales numbers that come from products or services a firm creates through its business operations (Parrino, 2011). For a firm, such as Microsoft, its revenue would come from products such as the computers, phones, tablets, and software it sells to consumers. On the other hand, for a consulting firm, such as Accenture, revenues would stem from the fees it charges for its consulting services contracts with various government agencies around the world. Both companies are providing a product to a consumer, one simply happens to be a tangible product that people buy, while the other is a service product that agencies need for their functionality. Expenses are the costs a firm incurs while generating its revenues (Parrino, 2011). For Microsoft, expenses would stem from the costs of building its products, marketing them, developing new products, shipping them around the world, etc. For Accenture, expenses would stem from the cost of all of its consultants, which includes their wages, insurance, company laptops it provides to each of them, travel costs for sending consultants around the world on projects, etc. Again both types of firms exhibit expenses; some of them are just different. Net income shows the company’s revenue relative to its expenses. If revenues exceeds expenses then the company has a net profit and is â€Å"in the black† for that time period (Parrino, 2011). On the other hand, if expenses exceed revenues then the company has a net loss and is â€Å"in the red† for that time period (Parrino, 2011). By looking at financial statements from one fiscal period to the next or annually, managers can observe how their firm is progressing. If the numbers show that the firm is not operating at an optimal level or there is a sudden decline in profit, managers can delve further into the firm’s operations using ratio analysis to look for problem areas and address them accordingly. For instance, ratio analysis can allow analysts to view the rate turnover of a specific product line and examine whether something is lacking in that product line that is hindering the firm’s ability to get rid of that inventory to consumers. Such ratio analysis will be elaborated upon later in this paper. There are four types of financial statements; income statements, balance sheets, the statement of retained earnings, and the statement of cash flows, which are all vital and interrelated. The income statement calculates the firm’s net income or its earnings after expenses have been deducted and is used to calculate retained earnings at the end of the year (Parrino, 2011). Net income is calculated as followed: Net Income = Revenues – Expenses The balance sheet summarizes what assets the firm has at a specific point in time, as well as how the firm has financed such assets (Parrino, 2011). Total assets is calculated as followed: Total Assets = Total Liabilities + Total Stockholders’ Equity The value of assets will change annually since firms often buy and sell assets, thus altering the firm’s value and financing. Such changes are indicated in the  statement of cash flows, which gives a summary of changes in the firm’s balance sheet from the beginning of a period to the end (Parrino, 2011). The statement of retained earnings summarizes changes in the retained earnings in a simpler manner for managers than the statement of cash flows and basically shows the firm’s expenses and loss from one period to the next (Parrino, 2011). These financial statements can provide a lot of information to managers regarding the operations of the company. If Microsoft sees a decrease in its net income or total assets from one year to the next, this can indicate many things. A decrease in net income can indicate maybe some products are not selling as well as they have in the past, meaning Microsoft may need to change its marketing strategy or release a new product. A decrease in total assets can mean several things. Perhaps the company’s products are of less value than before or perhaps they have fewer liabilities. Deciding what specifically financial statements mean for the future of a firm often requires more in depth analysis through ratio analysis. Ratio analysis is the use of financial figures to analyze a firm’s overall operability and evaluate its strengths and weaknesses (Parrino, 2011). It can be used from various perspectives including stockholders, managers, and creditors, in order to evaluate the profitability of a firm. Specifically, a financial ratio is a â€Å"number from a financial statement that has been scaled by dividing by another financial number† in order to show something about the company’s operations (Parrino, 2011). There are several types of financial ratios; liquidity ratios, efficiency ratios, leverage ratios, profitability ratios, and market-value indicators. Liquidity ratios focus on whether â€Å"a firm has the ability to convert current assets into cash quickly without loss of value† (Parrino, 2011). Two liquidity ratios are as followed: Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities Quick Ratio = (Current Assets – Inventory) / Current Liabilities Liquidity ratios indicate a firm’s ability to pay short-term obligations, such as interest payments for debt. This is very important because every firm has creditors, whether its investors, banks, or even tax collectors and even the most profitable company can go under if it is unable to pay all of its obligations for any reason. Efficiency ratios measure â€Å"how efficiently a firm uses its assets† and include the following: Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold / Inventory Days Sales in Inventory = 365 Days / Inventory Turnover Accounts Receivable Turnover = Net Sales / Accounts Receivable Days Sales Outstanding = 365 Days / Accounts Receivable Turnover Total Asset Turnover = Net Sales / Total Assets Fixed Asset Turnover = Net Sales / Net Fixed Assets Efficiency ratios are a useful tool in financial analysis because they can examine and identify inefficient use of any kind of asset. For instance, in our case of a decrease net income for Microsoft, financial analysts can look at the inventory turnover for each of its products and analyze whether one is too low indicating that the rate at which they are selling that specific product line is not efficient compared to the cost of producing that product line. Based on this managers can decide whether they should decrease the amount of inventory they produce or cut the product line all together. Leverage ratios are used to examine a firm’s financing or ability to meet long-term financial obligations. Leverage ratios are as followed: Total Debt Ratio = Total Debt / Total Assets Debt-to-Equity Ratio = Total Debt / Total Equity Equity Multiplier = Total Assets / Total Equity Leverage ratios are important because every firm uses debt or equity and often both for its financing, but the more debt a firm uses, the greater the risk it will default on those debt payments. So, for instance, the total debt ratio can tell you how much debt a firm uses in its capital structure and thus how volatile its earnings are (Parrino, 2011). Profitability ratios â€Å"measure management’s ability to efficiently use the firm’s assets to generate sales and manage the firm’s operations† (Parrino, 2011) and include the following: Gross Profit Margin = (Net Sales – Cost of Goods Sold) / Net Sales Operating Profit Margin = EBIT / Net Sales Net Profit Margin = Net Income / Net Sales Return on Assets(ROA) = Net Income / Total Assets EBIT ROA = EBIT / Total Assets Return on Equity(ROE) = Net Income / Total Equity Profitability ratios are important because they indicate a company’s ability to be profitable relative to its expenses. Market-value indicators predict the future of a firm’s finances using market value trends and financial statements. They include: Earnings Per Share(EPS) = Net Income / Shares Outstanding Price-Earnings Ratio(P/E) = Price Per Share / Earnings Per Share Market-to-Book Ratio = Market Value of Equity Per Share / Book Value of Equity per share Market-value indicators are important because they can assist in predicting the future for a firm. Whether the firm will be profitable using its current strategy or should it maybe switch to a different strategy to keep up with competing companies. All of these financial ratios are crucial to financial analysis in corporations and used very often by analysts, managers, creditors, stockholders, etc. Advantages and Disadvantages of Ratio Analysis Ratio analysis has several benefits. First, it offers various methods of analyzing a company’s financial wellbeing, going beyond just the financial statements by looking at specific aspects of operations. This can indicate strengths and shortcomings that managers should be aware of. Improvements can be made in order to increase profitability as a result. For instance, if a Microsoft notices that one product line has a higher days sales in inventory than another, this indicates that the specific product stays on the shelf longer and perhaps the firm should focus more on the product line with the lower days sales in inventory as it sells better. Secondly, ratio analysis can assist in predicting earnings or showing a pattern, which managers can use to find the best way to maintain financial profitability. While financial statements provide numbers such as revenues or expenses, ratio analysis can offer a concrete number describing revenues relative to the cost of the goods sold, such as with the gross profit margin. Such a ratio can indicate how profitable a firm’s operations were in a specific  period of time and if very profitable a concrete method of recreating such success. Essentially, ratio analysis simplifies the information provided in financial statements by compartmentalizing them to show patters and trends, which are very useful. Thirdly, ratio analysis can also be used in order to compare the firm’s operations to that of its competitors. Often, how well a company is doing depends on the market and how well other companies are doing, so ratio analysis provides a very useful tool to companies in making such comparisons. There are some disadvantages to ratio analysis. Predictions based on ratio analysis can be inaccurate from time to time. This is because ratio analysis is mostly based on historical data from previous time periods, which only offers so much information about the future. Yes, analysts can predict that the market will behave a certain way through market value indicators, but such predictions are only so accurate. The market can be affected by a variety of aspects, such as volatile economic conditions or even a natural disaster. For example following Hurricane Katrina, at â€Å"the end of the first week following†¦U.S. commercial crude oil inventories fell by 6.4 million barrels from the previous week,† indicating a strong market effect on petroleum due to the disaster (â€Å"Hurricane Katrina’s impact,† 2011). Businesses cannot control environmental disasters or economic conditions, which is why while ratio analysis is a very useful tool, it cannot always be relied on 100%. The use of market-value indicators is increasingly used in order to better forecast the future of a firm as it takes into account the economic climate at a specific point in time in order to predict the trend of future financial entities (Niazi, 2011) but again sometimes something like a natural disaster can negatively affect business. This is why having a high operating income and total assets is important to be prepared for such events. While not a perfect model as random economic turbulence can skew results, market-value indicators do still provide some insight into the future. Furthermore, when using ratio analysis to compare to another similar benchmark firm, there can also be pitfalls. Often it is impossible to find a company similar enough in size, corporate structure, and operations to properly compare to and gauge a market comparison. Thus, often ratio analysis when benchmarking can provide a skewed impression of where the firm stands against its competitors in the market. Financial statement and ratio analysis are very useful in corporate finance that provide much information to analysts, managers, stockholders, and creditors about the financial state of a firm. While there are some shortcomings to ratio analysis, its advantages in practice surely outweigh its disadvantages and offer valuable tools to cultivate a thriving company. References Hurricane Katrina’s impact on the U.S. oil and natural gas markets. (2011, September 12). Retrieved from http://www.eia.gov/oog/special/eia1_katrina_091205.html Niazi, G. S. K., Hunjra, A. I., Rashid , M., Akbar, S. W., & Akhtar, M. N. (2011). Practices of working capital policy and performance assessment financial ratios and their relationship with organization performance. World Applied Sciences Journal, 12(11), 1967-1973. Parino, R., Kidwell, D. S. & Bates, T. W. (2012). Fundamentals of Corporate Finance: Second edition. John Wiley & Sons; Hoboken, NJ.

The Death Of Death - 1218 Words

Roughly, one-hundred five people die per minute or in other words, 55.3 million people die per year. Death is never a comfortable conversation to have with others but death is common especially among the elderly population. Atul Gawande in Being Mortal talks about how death takes many people by surprise and the descriptions of aging and dying. All the while living better through the understanding of death. The author is trying to express that even those in the medical field struggle with death and not ensuring the well-being of the patients that are coming in. He emphasis the idea of the elderly feeling â€Å"comfortable† in the state and location they are. Those who are growing of age never truly feel comfortable because they never know what†¦show more content†¦It was a medical problem they could make an impact on. When the elderly are in assisted living communities they are fit into the caregivers schedule rather than their needs, such as scheduled bathroom breaks instead of having them as the patient needs. Gawande states that many of the elderly who live in assisted living communities and other communities feel as though they are in the hospital due to all the checks. One major example is that those who go to the bathroom regularly are just put into diapers rather than being taken to the bathroom whenever they need. There is a loss of freedom. â€Å"Our elderly are left with a controlled and supervised institutional existence, a medically designed answer to unfixable problems, a life designed to be safe but empty of anything they care about.† (Gawande, Year). The authors purpose is to make people more comfortable with talking about death to not only better prepare ourselves, because there is no preparation around death, but to better educate ourselves on the options we have. To build a health care system that allows people to fulfil their ambitions and be able to end life peacefully and content with what they accomplished. We all k now we are going to die, we just don’t know when. Through this well-written book that makes the reader feel like they’re there in the many situations that heShow MoreRelatedDeath : Death And Death844 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States over two million people die a year (Death). With death comes the questions countless people wonder about. What is Death? Why did they die? Why couldn’t it have been someone else? When a loved one is lost, these questions could be circling through their heads. Death is when someone’s time on Earth has come to a close, there are numerous causes of death and people often wonder why it has to happen. Death is a part of life that everybody has to deal with. There is no way aroundRead MoreThe Death Of Death And Death1300 Words   |  6 PagesOn the topic of death, a question had been made on whether immortality is preferable to dying. In Plato’s Phaedo, Socrates’ death scene, Socrates has one last philosophical conversation with his friends about what happens to th e soul when it leaves the body after death. Socrates believes that the soul is immortal, meaning that it will live on even when the body does not. The themes in Phaedo are similar to those in Leo Tolstoy’s â€Å"The Death of Ivan Ilych,† which tells the story of a man named IvanRead MoreThe Death Of Death And Death Essay991 Words   |  4 Pagesexplored ideas in art from different perspectives. The theme of death is recurrent in all cultures and throughout history. Religious death, death in battle, death as punishment, death juxtaposed with life, death, more death, even more death! Death is omnipresent in art. When one enters a museum, such as the National Gallery of Canada, different representations of death can be found if one looks closely. There is five forms of Jesus’ death: crucifixion, pieta, descent from the cross, lamentation andRead MoreDeath Of Death And Death1270 Words   |  6 Pagesthought to the subject of death. To be more accurate: throughout my entire life I have never allowed myself to give much thought to the subject of death. Both of my parents are very easy going, optimistic individuals so death was not a subject that was ever really touched on. The only times that I really remember discussing it was in church (and I rarely ever paid attention to this). Despite this lack of contemplation, I have always known that I am very anxious about death, so when I filled out theRead MoreDeath And Death Of Death1456 Words   |  6 PagesDeath is defined as the permanent end of something that is not alive; a cease to existence; the absence of life. It is human to fear death. It is human to fear the unknown. It is human to fear. Our society has engrained in our heads that death is something to mourn. That it is the end to all good things. That death is unjust. We visualize death as a thing that is filled with darkness, colored in black, and cold in its non-existing soul. I first pictured that when I walked into room 2218 atRead MoreThe Death Of Death And Death1804 Words   |  8 PagesBoth Socrates and Lucretius have similar outlooks on death, but the reasoning as to why they believe death should not be feared are completely different. Socrates states that death is not dreadful because we do not know what is ahead of us and through this concept arises a term called reincarnation. Lucretius, on the other hand, says that the soul does not go anywhere when we die and that everything is materialistic. He goes on to say that death does nothing to us because we once started with nothingRead MoreThe Death Of Death And Death1515 Words   |  7 Pages Everyone is familiar with the theme of death. â€Å"According to experience, death is the stopping of a behavior, the stopping of expressive movements and of physiological movements and processes†¦It is a departure, a decease, a negativity to the unknown†¦a departure without a return†(Levinas). Regardless of belief, death is the one equalizer common to man. There are countless stories attempting to illustrate or explain both the feeling and the nature of death given many various outcomes, fortunate orRead MoreThe Death Of Death And Death2332 Words   |  10 PagesDeath affects people in a variety of ways, often differing throughout cohorts and cultures. Death does not affect everyone in the same way, and often life experiences have a key role in shaping how we view death. Most of these interviewees were from rural Iowa, and could show a contrast from the single interviewee from Tennessee. For this paper, I intend to showcase how several individuals can view death in a variety of ways, and how they can each face their own unique set of problems and resourcesRead MoreDeath And Death - Death3030 Words   |  13 PagesDeath Death to humans is when are can t return to earth when you die and you stop living here on earth. As you die nothing happens to you. People here on earth have a lot of denial about death and don t accept the fact that one day they will die and they will not live forever. They way that the body dies is you stop breathing and the body starts to go cold and you can t feel a pulse in the body. Not long after that your body will start to shut down, your organs stop working and everything inRead MoreDeath And Dying, Death, And Death745 Words   |  3 Pagesimpossible to be sure of any thing but Death and Taxes.†(Shapiro, 2008) Prior to Elisabeth Kà ¼bler-Ross’ bestseller novel On Death and Dying, death was to be done alone. Death was a taboo subject for society. Death is the end result of many different factors effecting the body in a way it (the body) can’t handle it any longer. Speaking in a medical light, there are two types of death, clinical and biological. â€Å"When a patient’s breathing and heartbeat stop, clinical death occurs. This condition may be reversible

What Is a Cornice Check the Architecture Glossary

In Classical architecture, and even Neoclassical, a cornice is the uppermost horizontal area that protrudes or sticks out, like moldings along the top of a wall or just below a roof line. It describes an area or space that overhangs something else. As space is a noun, cornice is also a noun. Crown molding is not a cornice, but if the molding hangs over something, like a window or air vent, the protrusion is sometimes called a cornice. The function of the cornice overhang is to protect the structures walls. The cornice is traditionally by definition decorative. However, cornice has come to mean many things. In interior decorating, a cornice is a window treatment. In hiking and climbing, a snow cornice is an overhang you dont want to walk on because it is unstable. Confused?   Dont worry if this is too difficult to comprehend. One dictionary describes it this way: cornice 1. Any molded projection which crowns or finishes the part to which it is affixed. 2. The third or uppermost division of an entablature, resting on the frieze. 3. An ornamental molding, usually of wood or plaster, running round the walls of a room just below the ceiling; a crown molding; the molding forming the top member of a door or window frame. 4. The exterior trim of a structure at the meeting of the roof and wall; usually consists of bed molding, soffit, fascia, and crown molding. — Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Cyril M. Harris, ed., McGraw- Hill, 1975, p. 131 Where does the word come from? A way to remember this architectural detail is to know where the word comes from — the etymology or origin of the word. Cornice is, indeed, Classical because it comes from the Latin word coronis, meaning curved line. The Latin is from the Greek word for a curved object, koronis — the same Greek word that gives us our word crown. Types of Cornices in Architectural History In ancient Greek and Roman architecture, the cornice was the uppermost part of the entablature. This Western building design can be found throughout the world, in various forms including: architrave cornice, which has no frieze beneath itcavetto cornice or Egyptian gorge Cornice Types in Residential Architecture The cornice is a decorative architectural element not found in more modern homes or any structure that lacks ornamentation. Todays builders generally use the word eave to describe the protective overhang of the roof. However, when the word cornice is used in home design description, three types are common: box cornice, illustrated by this Elevation Drawing from the James Longest House, Special Collections Research Center at NCSU Librariesopen or skeleton cornice, where rafters may be seen under a roof overhangclose or closed cornice, which offers very little wall protection and is often accompanied by guttersThrough-The-Cornice Dormers Since an exterior cornice is decorative as well as functional, the decorative cornice has made its way to interior decor, including window treatments. The box-like structures over windows, hiding the mechanics of shades and drapes, are called window cornices. A door cornice may be a similar decoration, protruding over a door frame. These types of cornices often add an elegance and sophisticated formality to interiors. What is cornice molding? You may see whats called cornice molding (or cornice moulding) at the Home Depot store all the time. It may be molding, but its generally not used in a cornice. The interior molding may have stepped projections, like a Classical exterior cornice design, but its more of a marketing description than architectural. Still, its commonly used. The same goes for window treatments. Sources Inline illustration from Figure 67, The Egyptian Gorge or Cornice, from the Project Gutenberg EBook of A history of art in ancient Egypt, Vol. I by Georges Perrot and Charles Chipiez, 1883Websters New World College Dictionary, Fourth Edition, Wiley, 2002, p. 325Inline photo of Through-The-Cornice Dormers by J.Castro/Moment Mobile/Getty Images (cropped)

The Republic - Book 1 - Theme of Justice - 2417 Words

The subject matter of the Republic is the nature of justice and its relation to human existence. Book I of the republic contains a critical examination of the nature and virtue of justice. Socrates engages in a dialectic with Thrasymachus, Polemarchus, and Cephalus, a method which leads to the asking and answering of questions which directs to a logical refutation and thus leading to a convincing argument of the true nature of justice. And that is the main function of Book I, to clear the ground of mistaken or inadequate accounts of justice in order to make room for the new theory. Socrates attempts to show that certain beliefs and attitudes of justice and its nature are inadequate or inconsistent, and present a way in which those†¦show more content†¦br brCephalus argues that finding old age as a good thing will depend on whether you have the disposition of those who have order and peace with themselves. And he identifies this disposition with the inclination not to tell lies or deceive and the willingness to fulfill obligations to gods and men. He believes that a life which manifests these disposition is the life of a just person, of a person conscious of having lived free from injustice. It is unclear whether Cephalus takes it that being conscious of having lived free from injustices is simply that one has not cheated or told lies and having fulfilled the obligations to gods and man. Because of the living of a just life is merely to follow these guidelines then it is not implied if these virtues are attributed to a specific personality, or of an orderly and peaceful character. If his argument is not correctly linked then there is no reason to correlate living justly with the possession of a certain character; the just character. I t could turn out that the benefits of just conduct are the possession of a particular sort of character. br brSocrates remarks that telling the truth and returning what is borrowed cannot be the definition of justice (as outlined by Cephalus), he claims that instances of the types of action Cephalus thinks of as just, can in different circumstances be identified as cases of unjust. Socrates launches into a description of the act of giving a borrowedShow MoreRelated The Republic - Book 1 - Theme Of Justice Essay2346 Words   |  10 Pagessubject matter of the â€Å"Republic† is the nature of justice and its relation to human existence. Book I of the â€Å"republic† contains a critical examination of the nature and virtue of justice. Socrates engages in a dialectic with Thrasymachus, Polemarchus, and Cephalus, a method which leads to the asking and answering of questions which directs to a logical refutation and thus leading to a convincing argument of the true nature of justice. And that is the main function of Book I, to clear the groundRead More Intangible Justice is in the Soul Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesIntangible Justice is in the Soul Plato’s Republic, although officially divided into ten books, can be separated into two very distinct sections. The first section, roughly spanning Books I through IV, contains a rather tangible investigation of justice in practice. Namely, the section considers what acts or occurrences are just, either in a city or in a man. The second section, beginning around Book V and continuing through the end of the dialogue, deals with the much more abstract issue ofRead MoreThis week’s reading centered on the social contract between God and the Israelites. The reader,600 Words   |  3 Pagessocial contract between God and the Israelites. The reader, who had grown up familiar with the Exodus, found a much deeper meaning and contextual understanding in this week’s reading. Specifically, the reader’s attention focused on two key aspects: 1) God’s control over nature as the contextual focus, and 2) how Exodus, Deuteronomy and Leviticus set forth blue prin ts blue prints for a society. Moreover, the reader was previously familiar with the more traditional version of the commandments in DeuteronomyRead MoreThe Apology Is Plato s Retelling Of Socrates s Trail1599 Words   |  7 PagesApology is Plato’s retelling of Socrates’s trail. Within his account, he portrays Socrates as a confident, but almost haughty, and reasonable man. The main philosophical themes that Plato presents through Socrates are wisdom, justice, and his purpose in the community. Socrates is at this trial because he has been accused of two things: 1) â€Å"Socrates is guilty of wrongdoing in that he busies himself studying things in the sky and below the earth; he makes the worse into the stronger argument, and he teachesRead MoreDepiction Of Struggle And Division889 Words   |  4 Pagescommon themes amongst them. By doing so, we were supposed to be able to more deeply understand each text and the argument each was making. Throughout the readings, th e most prominent themes were that of struggle and division, though it is certainly more prevalent and obvious in certain texts than others. Though all the texts depict division and struggle, they focus on different societal divisions This depiction of struggle first became clear during the reading of Plato s Republic in book I, whereRead MorePlatos Philosophy and Works1915 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Prompt: Book X of the Republic does not reflect the rest of Platos work. On the one hand, Plato stages a final showdown between philosophy and literature (or myth). On the other hand, the book concludes with the elaborate legend of Ers journey into the afterlife creating a determining myth factor. The prompt invites one to make sense of this contradiction. What is the point of the final myth? What does Plato manage to convey through it that he wasnt able to show or persuade with the philosophicalRead MoreGender Based Violence During And After Conflict1319 Words   |  6 Pagesnothing new. It has been going on for hundreds of years all over the world (Burn) and many other documents, articles and websites cite this statement. This specific topic I chose because I was unaware of it before reading about it in our course work book â€Å"Women Across Cultures,† by Burn. This matter is new to me and I would like to discuss how this issue of violence connects women around the globe. I would like to refresh your memory about this topic from week two, chapter 2, (Burn) and our UniversalRead MoreThe s Defence Of Injustice1733 Words   |  7 PagesGlaucon’s defence of injustice, which he presents to Socrates in book 11 of Plato’s The Republic. For the purposes of this paper, I will focus on the overriding theme in Glaucon’s argument; that we are only just for the sake of consequences and will conclude by agreeing with this notion. Glaucon, dissatisfied with previous appraisals of justice, seeks to challenge Socrates by strengthening Thrasymachus’ defence of injustice in book 1. ‘This is exactly what he gives us – 3 arguments that support Thrasymachus’Read MoreReconciling The Divergence Of The Nature Of Man Between Classic And Modern Thinkers1425 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Nature of Man between Classic and Modern Thinkers Within Book 2 of Plato’s work The Republic, Socrates’ companion Glaucon describes the tale of the ring of Gyges, challenging Socrates on the nature of man. Within the ring of Gyges scenario, Glaucon posits that when an individual has the power granted by a ring of absolute invisibility that grants impunity, â€Å"no one [†¦] would be so incorruptible that he would stay on the path of justice or stay away from other people’s property, when he could takeRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Oedipus And Plato 1636 Words   |  7 PagesKAUFMANN’S OEDIPUS AND PLATO’S SOCRATES In Chapter Four of his book, Tragedy and Philosophy, Walter Kaufmann claims that Sophocles’ play Oedipus Rex is one of the greatest tragedies ever written in part because it presents so vividly five characteristics of human life which make our existence so tragic. The purpose of this paper will be, first, to present Kaufmann’s view and, second, to apply these same characteristics to Plato’s dialogues in general and to the characters in Plato’s dialogues,

Implications Of Effectiveness Of The Communication †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Implications Of Effectiveness Of The Communication. Answer: Introduction Communication has an essential role to play in any business organization. Clarity in communication in all levels of the organization will ensure the effectiveness of the organizational performances and success. Irrespective of any industry in which a business organization operates, it is essential to ensure good and positive communication (Austin Pinkleton, 2015). This assignment highlights a multi-national business organization, that operates in various countries such as Australia, India, Oman as well as Nigeria. This business organization manufactures agricultural equipments and distributes it to the local as well as the international clients. The organization is a big one, with more than 8000 employees, in the five countries (Beamer Varner, 2011). The customer base of the multi-national organization is huge. They have more than 1 million customers, all over the world. However, in the recent years, the company has been facing various communication issues. The challenges included lack of timely communication with the clients, along with communication breakdown from the top management, as well as from the lower level employees (Brownell, 2015). The communication issues also encompassed taking feedback from the clients, communication using the local languages (Suter et al., 2009). Cross-cultural issues as well as lack of adequate development in the digital literacy were also some of the major communication issues, faced by the multi-national company. This assignment highlights some of the good practices of communication, in business organizations, in order to ensure that the organizational operations are successfully completed. Moreover, various strategies are proposed that could be used by the business organization, in order to ensure the mitigation of such communication issues. The implications of the effectiveness of the communication and the mitigation of the issues will also result in the successful enhancement of the organizational performances. Good practices Communication is one of the most essential activities that need to be carried out by any business organization (Grunig Dozier, 2013). Communication is essential in the business organizations to ensure that the information is circulated among the various levels of the employees smoothly (Brownell, 2015). With lack of communication, the employees of the business organization will lack in knowledge and information, and will not have an idea, what is to be done, in order to fulfil the organizational goals (Beamer Varner, 2011). Communication issues are common in business organizations. However, the best practices, which are followed by various other organizations, include the following strategies. Abiding to the 7 cs of communication It is important that the employees of the business organization abide the 7 cs of communication. The 7 cs of communication are: Completeness- Communications in business organizations has to be complete. This highlights the fact that all the information that needs to be conveyed has to be done. All the relevant information has to be furnished, in order to ensure that the communication is complete (Dolan, 2017). Complete communication internally, among the employees, as well as with the clients, ensure the enhancement of the organizational goals (Moscardo, 2009). Moreover, a complete communication also ensures additional information is also conveyed, thus leaving no scope of doubt in the listeners mind (Eisenberg, 2014). Incomplete communication triggers confusion as well as conflicts over sharing incomplete information (Henderson, Stackman Lindekilde, 2016). Conciseness- In order to ensure that effective communication is carried out, the other business organizations ensure concise communication. This highlights that the communication is made effectively, in the least possible way, so that redundant information in not communicated. Sharing of unnecessary information results in redundancy, and triggers confusion (Henderson, Stackman Lindekilde, 2016). Conciseness is essential for ensuring effective communication. It is time saving, as well as cost saving (Moscardo, 2009). Moreover, it conveys the exact message, thus mitigating the chances of confusion. Concise message is not repetitive and hence is more comprehendible to the recipient. Consideration- Being considerate is implemented by the business organizations that ensure effective business communication. Being considerate means understanding the situation that the other person is going through (Austin Pinkleton, 2015). Before communicating, it is essential to understand the background and the mindset of the person (Eisenberg, 2014). While communicating, it is important that the recipient or the audience be not harmed by the communication (Brownell, 2015). Moreover, the communication should not harm the sentiments of the ones, being communicated with. Clarity- Clarity in communication includes being specific about the communication. Clarity includes emphasising on specific messages that are being communicated, in order to mitigate confusion (Fallowfield Jenkins, 2009). Lack of clarity in communication will give rise to confusion. Clarity of thoughts will enhance the meaning of the messages being transmitted, along with increasing the chances of effective work. Concreteness- Concrete communication includes being particular about the transmission of the messages, along with reducing being fuzzy (Ulmer, Sellnow, Seeger, 2013). Concreteness includes information being supported by specific facts and figures (Henderson, Stackman Lindekilde, 2016). In the organizational context, it is important that the messages be not wrongly interpreted. Correctness- The communication has to be correct. The information that is transmitted, has to be correct so that the information could be used effectively (Dolan, 2017). Correct communication has a significant impact on the business organization and its activities. If incorrect communication is done, then wrong information will be transmitted, thus reducing the effectiveness of the communication (Booth, 2009). Courtesy- This implies that respect in communication has to be given to each other, such that the communication is polite and empathetic (Grunig Dozier, 2013). Courteous message includes, respecting the viewpoint of the other person, along with being empathetic in communication. Thus, the business organizations that ensures effective communication abides by the 7 Cs of communication (Ulmer, Sellnow, Seeger, 2013). Engage in formal communication The business organizations engaging in effective communication, engages in formal business communication. This includes effective formal communication with the employees, along with communication with the clients. Formal communication includes business meetings as well as exchange of e-mails (Booth, 2009). Video conferencing is also an effective way of communication to connect the clients and the employees, located in different geographical locations. Thus, even though geographical constraint is faced during communication, yet, it is easily overcome with the efficient use of technology. Impart oral as well as written communication Oral as well as written communication is an essential part of effective communication. It is important that written communication be also given adequate importance (Sageev Romanowski, 2011). The business organizations that ensure effective communication, engages in written communication as well (Brownell, 2015). Moreover, engaging in written communication, acts a proof of communication with the employees as well as the clients. Well documentation of the communication with the client The communication with the clients has to be well-documented. This is important to ensure that none of the parties, in the communication can deny the exchange of information later (Grunig Dozier, 2013). Thus, it is essential that the communication with the client is well-documented, and the document is shared with the concerned people (Robbins, 2009). Clarity in communication, among the various levels of hierarchy The flow of communication among the various levels of the hierarchy has to be maintained, such that the top-level employees are able to communicate effectively with the lower level employees and vice-versa (Leonard, Graham Bonacum, 2014). This ensures a positive organizational culture and organizational behaviour among the employees of the business organization (Austin Pinkleton, 2015). Thus, the business organizations that follow the effective communication diligently ensure a positive work culture and impart effective fulfilment of the organizational goals. If these practices could be implemented by the business organization, then it i possible to mitigate the organizational communication issues, that is faced by them. Future strategies The first challenge that the multinational company faces is the lack of timely communication with the staffs and the clients. In order to ensure that this challenge is not faced, a regular communication with the client has to be done (Leonard, Graham Bonacum, 2014). The basic structure of the organization has to be changed. The top-level employees need to ensure that they engage into open conversation with the staffs from time to time. This will be helpful in mitigating the challenges, faced by the company (Maguire Pitceathly, 2012). Moreover, the reliability of the business organization will also increase if timely communications with the clients are maintained. The issues faced by the clients could be highlighted as soon as it occurs, thus mitigating the issues, sooner. This in turn will ensure customer satisfaction and customer retention. Thus, repeat customers will be obtained by the business organization. Another challenge that the company faces is the communication breakdown from top-levelmanagement to the front line employees and vice versa (Leather Eaves, 2015). However, in order to ensure that this challenge is not faced by the business organization, the top-level managements have to communicate from time to time with the clients as well as the staffs (Cenere et al., 2015). The changes in the organizational culture have to be incorporated, such that clarity of communication could be implemented among the front line employees and top-level staffs (Sageev Romanowski, 2011). The feedback from the clients is essential in order to ensure that the feedback on the products is collected and the areas of improvement are implemented in the upcoming products (Townsend, DeMarie Hendrickson, 2013). In order to ensure that the feedback are collected from time to time, the clients should be given feedback forms (Eisenberg, 2014). Moreover, employees who are a part of the customer service team should be given the duty to collect timely feedback from the local as well as the international clients and make sure that the changes demanded by the clients are incorporated, if feasible (Beamer Varner, 2011). Moreover, it is also essential that the clients be informed about the collection of their feedback and incorporation of changes requested by them (Zalabak, 2014). Since the company operates in 5 different countries, adopting to the local language of these five countries is a major issue (Leonard, Graham Bonacum, 2014). Thus, it is recommended that the company should recruit people form from the local countries, which have the knowledge of the local language (Yule, 2013). This will be helpful in mitigating the issues with the local language (Hovland Lumsdaine, 2017). Moreover, since the clients are local as well as international, hence a common platform for the communication with the clients should also be ensured (Leather Eaves, 2015). English could be chosen as a common platform for communication for the employees and the local and international clients (Ulmer, Sellnow, Seeger, 2013). Irrespective of the country, to which the employees belong, it is important that all the employees should be given the minimum training on technology, that are essential for the fulfilment of the organizational goals. This will help in mitigation of the comm unication issues and communication using social media could be carried out successfully, without any barrier. Cross-cultural issues are also a major barrier in organizational communication (Yule, 2013). Since the company operates in various countries, hence the employees belong to different culture. In order to ensure that the cross-cultural communication is carried out effectively, the employees have to be made aware of the culture of each other (Halawah, 2015). This could be done, if the employees engage themselves in cross-cultural extracurricular activities (Maguire Pitceathly, 2012). Moreover, the employees need to be made aware of the culture of each other and ensure that they respect the culture of each other, in order to retain organizational harmony (Hovland Lumsdaine, 2017). Along with these, each of the employees has to be open to accept differences of option. Moreover, active listening and observing the body languages of each other, is effective in mitigating cross-cultural differences in communication (Leonard, Graham Bonacum, 2014). Along with the mitigation of the language barrier, hostile stereotypes are to be removed as well (Austin Pinkleton, 2015). The differences of behaviour that is incorporated in a person, as an impact of culture, has to be mitigated. Respecting the culture of each other, ensures in the mitigation of the cross-cultural issues. The multi-national company operates in 5 different countries, among which some of them are developed countries, while some being developing ones. Hence, the digital literacy among the countries varies widely (Maguire Pitceathly, 2012). Thus, the employees of Australia, are much more advanced and tech savvy, than those of Nigeria or Oman. India being a developing county has been able to impart considerable digital literacy, among the people (Cenere et al., 2015). Thus, the employees of the company, who are in India have some digital knowledge, and thus, are able to communicate using advanced technology. Thus, if the employees from all the five countries are communicating with each other, the people of the countries of Oman and Nigeria might not be able to join the other countries, as they lack technological development (Hovland Lumsdaine, 2017). Thus, it is recommended that all the employees of the company should be given the same training, to equip themselves well with the organiza tional culture and the technological developments (Henderson, Stackman Lindekilde, 2016). Thus, the above recommendations and future strategies are effective in ensuring the mitigation of the faced barriers. Conclusion and implications Communication is an essential activity for any business organization. The multi-national company has been facing various communication issues. However, it is essential to ensure that the organizational issues regarding communication should be mitigated. The above-mentioned recommendations should be followed, in order to ensure that the organizational issues are mitigated. However, if the issues of communication faced by the company are not mitigated, then it implies that the recommendations are not diligently incorporated. New strategies and implementation plan needs to be imparted such that the communication issues in the business organization could be curbed down. Before the strategies are applied in the organizational context, it is essential that the organizational structure is evaluated to be effective for the application of the communication strategies. Moreover, communication is an essential activity. So, even if the recommended strategies do not enhance the communication, oth er potential solutions are to be highlighted, in order to ensure effectiveness of communication in the organization. It is to be noted that if the employees are trained effectively and aligned with the organizational goals, then the employees will be able to get themselves freed from the communication issues. Imparting effective training to all the employees, irrespective of the country they belong to, is helpful in mitigating cross-cultural issues as well as discrepancy in the technological knowledge. The implications of the communication in the organization are to ensure that all they employees are able to communicate with each other with clarity and courtesy. Moreover, it also implies that the organizational goals as well as the steps needed to be taken, in order to fulfil the goals are communicated effectively. This ensures the enhancement of the organizational performances, along will achievement of client satisfaction. References Austin, E. W., Pinkleton, B. E. (2015). Strategic public relations management: Planning and managing effective communication campaigns(Vol. 10). Routledge. Beamer, L., Varner, I. I. (2011).Intercultural communication in the global workplace. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Booth, W. C. (2009).The rhetoric of rhetoric: The quest for effective communication. John Wiley Sons. Brownell, J. (2015).Listening: Attitudes, principles, and skills. Routledge. Cenere, P., Gill, R., Lawson, C., Lewis, M. (2015).Communication Skills for Business Professionals 7. Cambridge University Press. Dolan, R. (2017). Branding yourself effective communication skills.FEMS microbiology letters,364(2). Eisenberg, E. M. (2014). Ambiguity as strategy in organizational communication.Communication monographs,51(3), 227-242. Fallowfield, L., Jenkins, V. (2009). Effective communication skills are the key to good cancer care.European Journal of Cancer,35(11), 1592-1597. Fielding, M. (2006).Effective communication in organisations. Juta and Company Ltd. Grunig, J. E., Dozier, D. M. (2013).Excellent public relations and effective organizations: A study of communication management in three countries. Routledge. Halawah, I. (2015). The relationship between effective communication of high school principal and school climate.Education,126(2). Henderson, L. S., Stackman, R. W., Lindekilde, R. (2016). The centrality of communication norm alignment, role clarity, and trust in global project teams.International Journal of Project Management,34(8), 1717-1730. Hersey, P., Blanchard, K. H., Johnson, D. E. (1969).Management of organizational behavior(p. 65). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Hovland, C. I., Lumsdaine, A. A. (2017).Experiments on mass communication. Princeton University Press. Leathers, D. G., Eaves, M. (2015).Successful nonverbal communication: Principles and applications. Routledge. Leonard, M., Graham, S., Bonacum, D. (2014). The human factor: the critical importance of effective teamwork and communication in providing safe care.Quality and Safety in Health Care,13(suppl 1), i85-i90. Maguire, P., Pitceathly, C. (2012). Key communication skills and how to acquire them.Bmj,325(7366), 697-700. Moscardo, G. (2009).Making visitors mindful: principles for creating quality sustainable visitor experiences through effective communication. Sagamore publishing. Robbins, S. P. (2009).Organizational Behavior, 13/E. Pearson Education India. Sageev, P., Romanowski, C. J. (2011). A message from recent engineering graduates in the workplace: Results of a survey on technical communication skills.Journal of Engineering Education,90(4), 685-693. Shockley-Zalabak, P. (2014).Fundamentals of organizational communication. Pearson. Suter, E., Arndt, J., Arthur, N., Parboosingh, J., Taylor, E., Deutschlander, S. (2009). Role understanding and effective communication as core competencies for collaborative practice.Journal of interprofessional care,23(1), 41-51. Townsend, A. M., DeMarie, S. M., Hendrickson, A. R. (2013). Virtual teams: Technology and the workplace of the future.The Academy of Management Executive,12(3), 17-29. Ulmer, R. R., Sellnow, T. L., Seeger, M. W. (2013).Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity. Sage Publications. Yule, G. (2013).Referential communication tasks. Routledge.