What Is a Cornice Check the Architecture Glossary

In Classical architecture, and even Neoclassical, a cornice is the uppermost horizontal area that protrudes or sticks out, like moldings along the top of a wall or just below a roof line. It describes an area or space that overhangs something else. As space is a noun, cornice is also a noun. Crown molding is not a cornice, but if the molding hangs over something, like a window or air vent, the protrusion is sometimes called a cornice. The function of the cornice overhang is to protect the structures walls. The cornice is traditionally by definition decorative. However, cornice has come to mean many things. In interior decorating, a cornice is a window treatment. In hiking and climbing, a snow cornice is an overhang you dont want to walk on because it is unstable. Confused?   Dont worry if this is too difficult to comprehend. One dictionary describes it this way: cornice 1. Any molded projection which crowns or finishes the part to which it is affixed. 2. The third or uppermost division of an entablature, resting on the frieze. 3. An ornamental molding, usually of wood or plaster, running round the walls of a room just below the ceiling; a crown molding; the molding forming the top member of a door or window frame. 4. The exterior trim of a structure at the meeting of the roof and wall; usually consists of bed molding, soffit, fascia, and crown molding. — Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Cyril M. Harris, ed., McGraw- Hill, 1975, p. 131 Where does the word come from? A way to remember this architectural detail is to know where the word comes from — the etymology or origin of the word. Cornice is, indeed, Classical because it comes from the Latin word coronis, meaning curved line. The Latin is from the Greek word for a curved object, koronis — the same Greek word that gives us our word crown. Types of Cornices in Architectural History In ancient Greek and Roman architecture, the cornice was the uppermost part of the entablature. This Western building design can be found throughout the world, in various forms including: architrave cornice, which has no frieze beneath itcavetto cornice or Egyptian gorge Cornice Types in Residential Architecture The cornice is a decorative architectural element not found in more modern homes or any structure that lacks ornamentation. Todays builders generally use the word eave to describe the protective overhang of the roof. However, when the word cornice is used in home design description, three types are common: box cornice, illustrated by this Elevation Drawing from the James Longest House, Special Collections Research Center at NCSU Librariesopen or skeleton cornice, where rafters may be seen under a roof overhangclose or closed cornice, which offers very little wall protection and is often accompanied by guttersThrough-The-Cornice Dormers Since an exterior cornice is decorative as well as functional, the decorative cornice has made its way to interior decor, including window treatments. The box-like structures over windows, hiding the mechanics of shades and drapes, are called window cornices. A door cornice may be a similar decoration, protruding over a door frame. These types of cornices often add an elegance and sophisticated formality to interiors. What is cornice molding? You may see whats called cornice molding (or cornice moulding) at the Home Depot store all the time. It may be molding, but its generally not used in a cornice. The interior molding may have stepped projections, like a Classical exterior cornice design, but its more of a marketing description than architectural. Still, its commonly used. The same goes for window treatments. Sources Inline illustration from Figure 67, The Egyptian Gorge or Cornice, from the Project Gutenberg EBook of A history of art in ancient Egypt, Vol. I by Georges Perrot and Charles Chipiez, 1883Websters New World College Dictionary, Fourth Edition, Wiley, 2002, p. 325Inline photo of Through-The-Cornice Dormers by J.Castro/Moment Mobile/Getty Images (cropped)

The Republic - Book 1 - Theme of Justice - 2417 Words

The subject matter of the Republic is the nature of justice and its relation to human existence. Book I of the republic contains a critical examination of the nature and virtue of justice. Socrates engages in a dialectic with Thrasymachus, Polemarchus, and Cephalus, a method which leads to the asking and answering of questions which directs to a logical refutation and thus leading to a convincing argument of the true nature of justice. And that is the main function of Book I, to clear the ground of mistaken or inadequate accounts of justice in order to make room for the new theory. Socrates attempts to show that certain beliefs and attitudes of justice and its nature are inadequate or inconsistent, and present a way in which those†¦show more content†¦br brCephalus argues that finding old age as a good thing will depend on whether you have the disposition of those who have order and peace with themselves. And he identifies this disposition with the inclination not to tell lies or deceive and the willingness to fulfill obligations to gods and men. He believes that a life which manifests these disposition is the life of a just person, of a person conscious of having lived free from injustice. It is unclear whether Cephalus takes it that being conscious of having lived free from injustices is simply that one has not cheated or told lies and having fulfilled the obligations to gods and man. Because of the living of a just life is merely to follow these guidelines then it is not implied if these virtues are attributed to a specific personality, or of an orderly and peaceful character. If his argument is not correctly linked then there is no reason to correlate living justly with the possession of a certain character; the just character. I t could turn out that the benefits of just conduct are the possession of a particular sort of character. br brSocrates remarks that telling the truth and returning what is borrowed cannot be the definition of justice (as outlined by Cephalus), he claims that instances of the types of action Cephalus thinks of as just, can in different circumstances be identified as cases of unjust. Socrates launches into a description of the act of giving a borrowedShow MoreRelated The Republic - Book 1 - Theme Of Justice Essay2346 Words   |  10 Pagessubject matter of the â€Å"Republic† is the nature of justice and its relation to human existence. Book I of the â€Å"republic† contains a critical examination of the nature and virtue of justice. Socrates engages in a dialectic with Thrasymachus, Polemarchus, and Cephalus, a method which leads to the asking and answering of questions which directs to a logical refutation and thus leading to a convincing argument of the true nature of justice. And that is the main function of Book I, to clear the groundRead More Intangible Justice is in the Soul Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesIntangible Justice is in the Soul Plato’s Republic, although officially divided into ten books, can be separated into two very distinct sections. The first section, roughly spanning Books I through IV, contains a rather tangible investigation of justice in practice. Namely, the section considers what acts or occurrences are just, either in a city or in a man. The second section, beginning around Book V and continuing through the end of the dialogue, deals with the much more abstract issue ofRead MoreThis week’s reading centered on the social contract between God and the Israelites. The reader,600 Words   |  3 Pagessocial contract between God and the Israelites. The reader, who had grown up familiar with the Exodus, found a much deeper meaning and contextual understanding in this week’s reading. Specifically, the reader’s attention focused on two key aspects: 1) God’s control over nature as the contextual focus, and 2) how Exodus, Deuteronomy and Leviticus set forth blue prin ts blue prints for a society. Moreover, the reader was previously familiar with the more traditional version of the commandments in DeuteronomyRead MoreThe Apology Is Plato s Retelling Of Socrates s Trail1599 Words   |  7 PagesApology is Plato’s retelling of Socrates’s trail. Within his account, he portrays Socrates as a confident, but almost haughty, and reasonable man. The main philosophical themes that Plato presents through Socrates are wisdom, justice, and his purpose in the community. Socrates is at this trial because he has been accused of two things: 1) â€Å"Socrates is guilty of wrongdoing in that he busies himself studying things in the sky and below the earth; he makes the worse into the stronger argument, and he teachesRead MoreDepiction Of Struggle And Division889 Words   |  4 Pagescommon themes amongst them. By doing so, we were supposed to be able to more deeply understand each text and the argument each was making. Throughout the readings, th e most prominent themes were that of struggle and division, though it is certainly more prevalent and obvious in certain texts than others. Though all the texts depict division and struggle, they focus on different societal divisions This depiction of struggle first became clear during the reading of Plato s Republic in book I, whereRead MorePlatos Philosophy and Works1915 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Prompt: Book X of the Republic does not reflect the rest of Platos work. On the one hand, Plato stages a final showdown between philosophy and literature (or myth). On the other hand, the book concludes with the elaborate legend of Ers journey into the afterlife creating a determining myth factor. The prompt invites one to make sense of this contradiction. What is the point of the final myth? What does Plato manage to convey through it that he wasnt able to show or persuade with the philosophicalRead MoreGender Based Violence During And After Conflict1319 Words   |  6 Pagesnothing new. It has been going on for hundreds of years all over the world (Burn) and many other documents, articles and websites cite this statement. This specific topic I chose because I was unaware of it before reading about it in our course work book â€Å"Women Across Cultures,† by Burn. This matter is new to me and I would like to discuss how this issue of violence connects women around the globe. I would like to refresh your memory about this topic from week two, chapter 2, (Burn) and our UniversalRead MoreThe s Defence Of Injustice1733 Words   |  7 PagesGlaucon’s defence of injustice, which he presents to Socrates in book 11 of Plato’s The Republic. For the purposes of this paper, I will focus on the overriding theme in Glaucon’s argument; that we are only just for the sake of consequences and will conclude by agreeing with this notion. Glaucon, dissatisfied with previous appraisals of justice, seeks to challenge Socrates by strengthening Thrasymachus’ defence of injustice in book 1. ‘This is exactly what he gives us – 3 arguments that support Thrasymachus’Read MoreReconciling The Divergence Of The Nature Of Man Between Classic And Modern Thinkers1425 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Nature of Man between Classic and Modern Thinkers Within Book 2 of Plato’s work The Republic, Socrates’ companion Glaucon describes the tale of the ring of Gyges, challenging Socrates on the nature of man. Within the ring of Gyges scenario, Glaucon posits that when an individual has the power granted by a ring of absolute invisibility that grants impunity, â€Å"no one [†¦] would be so incorruptible that he would stay on the path of justice or stay away from other people’s property, when he could takeRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Oedipus And Plato 1636 Words   |  7 PagesKAUFMANN’S OEDIPUS AND PLATO’S SOCRATES In Chapter Four of his book, Tragedy and Philosophy, Walter Kaufmann claims that Sophocles’ play Oedipus Rex is one of the greatest tragedies ever written in part because it presents so vividly five characteristics of human life which make our existence so tragic. The purpose of this paper will be, first, to present Kaufmann’s view and, second, to apply these same characteristics to Plato’s dialogues in general and to the characters in Plato’s dialogues,

Implications Of Effectiveness Of The Communication †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Implications Of Effectiveness Of The Communication. Answer: Introduction Communication has an essential role to play in any business organization. Clarity in communication in all levels of the organization will ensure the effectiveness of the organizational performances and success. Irrespective of any industry in which a business organization operates, it is essential to ensure good and positive communication (Austin Pinkleton, 2015). This assignment highlights a multi-national business organization, that operates in various countries such as Australia, India, Oman as well as Nigeria. This business organization manufactures agricultural equipments and distributes it to the local as well as the international clients. The organization is a big one, with more than 8000 employees, in the five countries (Beamer Varner, 2011). The customer base of the multi-national organization is huge. They have more than 1 million customers, all over the world. However, in the recent years, the company has been facing various communication issues. The challenges included lack of timely communication with the clients, along with communication breakdown from the top management, as well as from the lower level employees (Brownell, 2015). The communication issues also encompassed taking feedback from the clients, communication using the local languages (Suter et al., 2009). Cross-cultural issues as well as lack of adequate development in the digital literacy were also some of the major communication issues, faced by the multi-national company. This assignment highlights some of the good practices of communication, in business organizations, in order to ensure that the organizational operations are successfully completed. Moreover, various strategies are proposed that could be used by the business organization, in order to ensure the mitigation of such communication issues. The implications of the effectiveness of the communication and the mitigation of the issues will also result in the successful enhancement of the organizational performances. Good practices Communication is one of the most essential activities that need to be carried out by any business organization (Grunig Dozier, 2013). Communication is essential in the business organizations to ensure that the information is circulated among the various levels of the employees smoothly (Brownell, 2015). With lack of communication, the employees of the business organization will lack in knowledge and information, and will not have an idea, what is to be done, in order to fulfil the organizational goals (Beamer Varner, 2011). Communication issues are common in business organizations. However, the best practices, which are followed by various other organizations, include the following strategies. Abiding to the 7 cs of communication It is important that the employees of the business organization abide the 7 cs of communication. The 7 cs of communication are: Completeness- Communications in business organizations has to be complete. This highlights the fact that all the information that needs to be conveyed has to be done. All the relevant information has to be furnished, in order to ensure that the communication is complete (Dolan, 2017). Complete communication internally, among the employees, as well as with the clients, ensure the enhancement of the organizational goals (Moscardo, 2009). Moreover, a complete communication also ensures additional information is also conveyed, thus leaving no scope of doubt in the listeners mind (Eisenberg, 2014). Incomplete communication triggers confusion as well as conflicts over sharing incomplete information (Henderson, Stackman Lindekilde, 2016). Conciseness- In order to ensure that effective communication is carried out, the other business organizations ensure concise communication. This highlights that the communication is made effectively, in the least possible way, so that redundant information in not communicated. Sharing of unnecessary information results in redundancy, and triggers confusion (Henderson, Stackman Lindekilde, 2016). Conciseness is essential for ensuring effective communication. It is time saving, as well as cost saving (Moscardo, 2009). Moreover, it conveys the exact message, thus mitigating the chances of confusion. Concise message is not repetitive and hence is more comprehendible to the recipient. Consideration- Being considerate is implemented by the business organizations that ensure effective business communication. Being considerate means understanding the situation that the other person is going through (Austin Pinkleton, 2015). Before communicating, it is essential to understand the background and the mindset of the person (Eisenberg, 2014). While communicating, it is important that the recipient or the audience be not harmed by the communication (Brownell, 2015). Moreover, the communication should not harm the sentiments of the ones, being communicated with. Clarity- Clarity in communication includes being specific about the communication. Clarity includes emphasising on specific messages that are being communicated, in order to mitigate confusion (Fallowfield Jenkins, 2009). Lack of clarity in communication will give rise to confusion. Clarity of thoughts will enhance the meaning of the messages being transmitted, along with increasing the chances of effective work. Concreteness- Concrete communication includes being particular about the transmission of the messages, along with reducing being fuzzy (Ulmer, Sellnow, Seeger, 2013). Concreteness includes information being supported by specific facts and figures (Henderson, Stackman Lindekilde, 2016). In the organizational context, it is important that the messages be not wrongly interpreted. Correctness- The communication has to be correct. The information that is transmitted, has to be correct so that the information could be used effectively (Dolan, 2017). Correct communication has a significant impact on the business organization and its activities. If incorrect communication is done, then wrong information will be transmitted, thus reducing the effectiveness of the communication (Booth, 2009). Courtesy- This implies that respect in communication has to be given to each other, such that the communication is polite and empathetic (Grunig Dozier, 2013). Courteous message includes, respecting the viewpoint of the other person, along with being empathetic in communication. Thus, the business organizations that ensures effective communication abides by the 7 Cs of communication (Ulmer, Sellnow, Seeger, 2013). Engage in formal communication The business organizations engaging in effective communication, engages in formal business communication. This includes effective formal communication with the employees, along with communication with the clients. Formal communication includes business meetings as well as exchange of e-mails (Booth, 2009). Video conferencing is also an effective way of communication to connect the clients and the employees, located in different geographical locations. Thus, even though geographical constraint is faced during communication, yet, it is easily overcome with the efficient use of technology. Impart oral as well as written communication Oral as well as written communication is an essential part of effective communication. It is important that written communication be also given adequate importance (Sageev Romanowski, 2011). The business organizations that ensure effective communication, engages in written communication as well (Brownell, 2015). Moreover, engaging in written communication, acts a proof of communication with the employees as well as the clients. Well documentation of the communication with the client The communication with the clients has to be well-documented. This is important to ensure that none of the parties, in the communication can deny the exchange of information later (Grunig Dozier, 2013). Thus, it is essential that the communication with the client is well-documented, and the document is shared with the concerned people (Robbins, 2009). Clarity in communication, among the various levels of hierarchy The flow of communication among the various levels of the hierarchy has to be maintained, such that the top-level employees are able to communicate effectively with the lower level employees and vice-versa (Leonard, Graham Bonacum, 2014). This ensures a positive organizational culture and organizational behaviour among the employees of the business organization (Austin Pinkleton, 2015). Thus, the business organizations that follow the effective communication diligently ensure a positive work culture and impart effective fulfilment of the organizational goals. If these practices could be implemented by the business organization, then it i possible to mitigate the organizational communication issues, that is faced by them. Future strategies The first challenge that the multinational company faces is the lack of timely communication with the staffs and the clients. In order to ensure that this challenge is not faced, a regular communication with the client has to be done (Leonard, Graham Bonacum, 2014). The basic structure of the organization has to be changed. The top-level employees need to ensure that they engage into open conversation with the staffs from time to time. This will be helpful in mitigating the challenges, faced by the company (Maguire Pitceathly, 2012). Moreover, the reliability of the business organization will also increase if timely communications with the clients are maintained. The issues faced by the clients could be highlighted as soon as it occurs, thus mitigating the issues, sooner. This in turn will ensure customer satisfaction and customer retention. Thus, repeat customers will be obtained by the business organization. Another challenge that the company faces is the communication breakdown from top-levelmanagement to the front line employees and vice versa (Leather Eaves, 2015). However, in order to ensure that this challenge is not faced by the business organization, the top-level managements have to communicate from time to time with the clients as well as the staffs (Cenere et al., 2015). The changes in the organizational culture have to be incorporated, such that clarity of communication could be implemented among the front line employees and top-level staffs (Sageev Romanowski, 2011). The feedback from the clients is essential in order to ensure that the feedback on the products is collected and the areas of improvement are implemented in the upcoming products (Townsend, DeMarie Hendrickson, 2013). In order to ensure that the feedback are collected from time to time, the clients should be given feedback forms (Eisenberg, 2014). Moreover, employees who are a part of the customer service team should be given the duty to collect timely feedback from the local as well as the international clients and make sure that the changes demanded by the clients are incorporated, if feasible (Beamer Varner, 2011). Moreover, it is also essential that the clients be informed about the collection of their feedback and incorporation of changes requested by them (Zalabak, 2014). Since the company operates in 5 different countries, adopting to the local language of these five countries is a major issue (Leonard, Graham Bonacum, 2014). Thus, it is recommended that the company should recruit people form from the local countries, which have the knowledge of the local language (Yule, 2013). This will be helpful in mitigating the issues with the local language (Hovland Lumsdaine, 2017). Moreover, since the clients are local as well as international, hence a common platform for the communication with the clients should also be ensured (Leather Eaves, 2015). English could be chosen as a common platform for communication for the employees and the local and international clients (Ulmer, Sellnow, Seeger, 2013). Irrespective of the country, to which the employees belong, it is important that all the employees should be given the minimum training on technology, that are essential for the fulfilment of the organizational goals. This will help in mitigation of the comm unication issues and communication using social media could be carried out successfully, without any barrier. Cross-cultural issues are also a major barrier in organizational communication (Yule, 2013). Since the company operates in various countries, hence the employees belong to different culture. In order to ensure that the cross-cultural communication is carried out effectively, the employees have to be made aware of the culture of each other (Halawah, 2015). This could be done, if the employees engage themselves in cross-cultural extracurricular activities (Maguire Pitceathly, 2012). Moreover, the employees need to be made aware of the culture of each other and ensure that they respect the culture of each other, in order to retain organizational harmony (Hovland Lumsdaine, 2017). Along with these, each of the employees has to be open to accept differences of option. Moreover, active listening and observing the body languages of each other, is effective in mitigating cross-cultural differences in communication (Leonard, Graham Bonacum, 2014). Along with the mitigation of the language barrier, hostile stereotypes are to be removed as well (Austin Pinkleton, 2015). The differences of behaviour that is incorporated in a person, as an impact of culture, has to be mitigated. Respecting the culture of each other, ensures in the mitigation of the cross-cultural issues. The multi-national company operates in 5 different countries, among which some of them are developed countries, while some being developing ones. Hence, the digital literacy among the countries varies widely (Maguire Pitceathly, 2012). Thus, the employees of Australia, are much more advanced and tech savvy, than those of Nigeria or Oman. India being a developing county has been able to impart considerable digital literacy, among the people (Cenere et al., 2015). Thus, the employees of the company, who are in India have some digital knowledge, and thus, are able to communicate using advanced technology. Thus, if the employees from all the five countries are communicating with each other, the people of the countries of Oman and Nigeria might not be able to join the other countries, as they lack technological development (Hovland Lumsdaine, 2017). Thus, it is recommended that all the employees of the company should be given the same training, to equip themselves well with the organiza tional culture and the technological developments (Henderson, Stackman Lindekilde, 2016). Thus, the above recommendations and future strategies are effective in ensuring the mitigation of the faced barriers. Conclusion and implications Communication is an essential activity for any business organization. The multi-national company has been facing various communication issues. However, it is essential to ensure that the organizational issues regarding communication should be mitigated. The above-mentioned recommendations should be followed, in order to ensure that the organizational issues are mitigated. However, if the issues of communication faced by the company are not mitigated, then it implies that the recommendations are not diligently incorporated. New strategies and implementation plan needs to be imparted such that the communication issues in the business organization could be curbed down. Before the strategies are applied in the organizational context, it is essential that the organizational structure is evaluated to be effective for the application of the communication strategies. Moreover, communication is an essential activity. So, even if the recommended strategies do not enhance the communication, oth er potential solutions are to be highlighted, in order to ensure effectiveness of communication in the organization. It is to be noted that if the employees are trained effectively and aligned with the organizational goals, then the employees will be able to get themselves freed from the communication issues. Imparting effective training to all the employees, irrespective of the country they belong to, is helpful in mitigating cross-cultural issues as well as discrepancy in the technological knowledge. The implications of the communication in the organization are to ensure that all they employees are able to communicate with each other with clarity and courtesy. Moreover, it also implies that the organizational goals as well as the steps needed to be taken, in order to fulfil the goals are communicated effectively. This ensures the enhancement of the organizational performances, along will achievement of client satisfaction. References Austin, E. W., Pinkleton, B. E. (2015). Strategic public relations management: Planning and managing effective communication campaigns(Vol. 10). Routledge. Beamer, L., Varner, I. I. (2011).Intercultural communication in the global workplace. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Booth, W. C. (2009).The rhetoric of rhetoric: The quest for effective communication. John Wiley Sons. Brownell, J. (2015).Listening: Attitudes, principles, and skills. Routledge. Cenere, P., Gill, R., Lawson, C., Lewis, M. (2015).Communication Skills for Business Professionals 7. Cambridge University Press. Dolan, R. (2017). Branding yourself effective communication skills.FEMS microbiology letters,364(2). Eisenberg, E. M. (2014). Ambiguity as strategy in organizational communication.Communication monographs,51(3), 227-242. Fallowfield, L., Jenkins, V. (2009). Effective communication skills are the key to good cancer care.European Journal of Cancer,35(11), 1592-1597. Fielding, M. (2006).Effective communication in organisations. Juta and Company Ltd. Grunig, J. E., Dozier, D. M. (2013).Excellent public relations and effective organizations: A study of communication management in three countries. Routledge. Halawah, I. (2015). The relationship between effective communication of high school principal and school climate.Education,126(2). Henderson, L. S., Stackman, R. W., Lindekilde, R. (2016). The centrality of communication norm alignment, role clarity, and trust in global project teams.International Journal of Project Management,34(8), 1717-1730. Hersey, P., Blanchard, K. H., Johnson, D. E. (1969).Management of organizational behavior(p. 65). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Hovland, C. I., Lumsdaine, A. A. (2017).Experiments on mass communication. Princeton University Press. Leathers, D. G., Eaves, M. (2015).Successful nonverbal communication: Principles and applications. Routledge. Leonard, M., Graham, S., Bonacum, D. (2014). The human factor: the critical importance of effective teamwork and communication in providing safe care.Quality and Safety in Health Care,13(suppl 1), i85-i90. Maguire, P., Pitceathly, C. (2012). Key communication skills and how to acquire them.Bmj,325(7366), 697-700. Moscardo, G. (2009).Making visitors mindful: principles for creating quality sustainable visitor experiences through effective communication. Sagamore publishing. Robbins, S. P. (2009).Organizational Behavior, 13/E. Pearson Education India. Sageev, P., Romanowski, C. J. (2011). A message from recent engineering graduates in the workplace: Results of a survey on technical communication skills.Journal of Engineering Education,90(4), 685-693. Shockley-Zalabak, P. (2014).Fundamentals of organizational communication. Pearson. Suter, E., Arndt, J., Arthur, N., Parboosingh, J., Taylor, E., Deutschlander, S. (2009). Role understanding and effective communication as core competencies for collaborative practice.Journal of interprofessional care,23(1), 41-51. Townsend, A. M., DeMarie, S. M., Hendrickson, A. R. (2013). Virtual teams: Technology and the workplace of the future.The Academy of Management Executive,12(3), 17-29. Ulmer, R. R., Sellnow, T. L., Seeger, M. W. (2013).Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity. Sage Publications. Yule, G. (2013).Referential communication tasks. Routledge.

Travels of a T-Shirt Book Report free essay sample

Often, when we think of a t-shirt, not much consideration goes past throwing it on and walking out the door. We discover in The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy, author Pietra Rivoli conveys the story of a t-shirt she purchased in Florida for just $5. 99. Beginning with core element of the t-shirt, she describes the cotton boom in the United States and why we have reigned supreme as the leading cotton producer. She even meets with a Texan farmer who warms your heart from the very beginning of the chapter. Next, the cotton goes on to textile mills and factories, and Rivoli explains the history of the textile industry. With this lesson, she demonstrates how the textile industry boom was a leading contributor of the Industrial Revolution in many countries. From this point, we see the t-shirt waiting to be stitched together and awaiting its entrance into the global economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Travels of a T-Shirt Book Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rivoli then outlines how the garment finally enters U. S. franchises through a labyrinth of politics, quotas, slave labor, and activism. After it is purchased, worn, and discarded it enters a completely new market the small entrepreneurial clothing market in Africa, which according to Rivoli, is the only true free market. She illustrates how underdeveloped countries finally catch a break by capitalizing on another country’s garbage, ending the t-shirt’s international journey. Fundamentally, this book forces you to ask yourself some very important questions about our history as a nation, the exploitation of slave and labor, and the state of free trade as a whole. Question 2: What is this book’s main idea? With this comprehensive, economical, and historical depiction, Rivoli sincerely strives to present why. She insists the reader knows why the international textile industry functions the way it does, and shines a revealing light on the truth by conveying the good, the not-so-good, and especially the ugly. It is clear that Rivoli is striving to educate about global economics and allows for the reader to formulate their own conclusion about the industry. Her writing style takes into consideration those with very little economic awareness and fluidly phrases things into laymans terms. She is able to expand on the most complex ideas, such as quotas and tariffs in the textile industry, and still paint a complete picture in the mind of the reader. The relevance of this book can be measured by its ability to speak to the everyday individual, who may or may not know anything about economics, and plant the seed toward global economic education. It provides a keen social awareness to people who may or may not ordinarily care about international economics and can have an eye-opening effect toward what really happens in the textile industry. Rivoli also raises some substantial points about free trade and protectionism. After the facts are presented, she identifies that most of these alleged free markets aren’t actually free at all. She explains that quotas, political relationships, and labor issues make these markets restricted from being completely free. She writes a story of the wealth enhancing possibilities of globalization in some settings but a ‘cant win trap in others, a trap where power imbalances and poorly functioning politics and markets seem to doom the economic future. Question 3: Is the author arguing for free trade or protectionism? Explain. Rivoli is not making an argument for either side of protectionism or free trade. Of course, as an avid economist, Rivoli advocates free trade, as do all of her peers and colleagues unanimously. Nevertheless, she does not lean toward either side, but instead demonstrates that both sides can inadvertently stimulate economic development. She supplies us with an in-depth history of the protectionism of textiles in the United States up until the Multi-fiber Arrangement expired in 2005. She further emphasises the convolution, and even the ridiculousness, of the quotas, tariffs, and other restrictions that political lobbyists and U. S. manufacturers have enforced to protect the textile industry. Rivoli reveals that the t-shirt doesn’t enter into a free market until it becomes a discarded â€Å"castoff† and ends up in Salvation Army bin postmarked for Africa: America’s castoffs have customers the world over and clothing thrown away by Americans forms the backbone of a highly successful global industry. She argues, the policies of free markets are demanding that the American textile industry realize that international competitors from low-cost labor countries able to produce cheaper clothing, are forcing them to reconsider business strategies. She also points out that protectionism and lobbying has provided life to the American textile industry â€Å"only by unnatural acts of life support†. Moreover, Rivoli presents that most measures of protectionism have actually hindered American industries for the future. Question 4: According to Rivoli, what is the role of politics in international trade? The role of politics is very important within international trade. From the cotton slaves in the nineteenth-century, to the present crop insurance and subsidies paid by the taxpayer, cotton farmers of America have discovered a myriad of ways to escape the fires of the labor market. Primarily in China, freedom of movement is restricted internally to accomplish a parallel end result. Protectionism creates worldwide employment for the officials and bureaucrats administering the quotas, but simply delays the loss of lower-ranking jobs in the textile industry. Concurrently, it increases the price consumers pay for clothing and squelches textile manufacturing innovations in America. The cost of downstream industries increases and enhances foreign financiers who trade in quotas to determine market value. This tarnishes the efforts of freer trade in the United States with hypocrisy. Rivoli establishes the means behind the inefficiencies as the billions of dollars in costs are widely spread out, but the benefits are highly condensed. Rivoli touches briefly on the protection of property rights and insufficient rule of law in many countries. Furthermore, she suggests that the dilemma in underdeveloped countries is not the â€Å"cruelty of market forces†, but primarily an issue of politics. Since trade in used clothing is not as widely publicized as textile trade, this has given countries a leg up in improving their situation over the dominating economies. Question 5: What was the most intriguing idea or analysis you found in this book? The main point Rivoli derives from her t-shirt encounters is that the free markets aren’t as free as the name would suggest. Her findings about the restrictions, quotas, and politics of free trade made me realize it isn’t free at all. I liked that Rivoli allows the reader to come to this conclusion on their own and doesn’t bludgeon the facts with biased opinions. While reading this book, it was difficult for me to weigh the pros and cons of things like child labor and slavery. I found Rivoli’s optimistic outlook toward making the best out of terrible situations to be refreshing. By carefully interpreting the costs and benefits, I can see now that some of these sacrifices were worth it in the long run to enhance the industry. While providing an extensive history lesson about cotton, the politics of free trade, and worldwide Industrial Revolutions, I felt she may have left out a solid chunk of details about China. The details she included began with China’s Cultural Revolution but not much is offered before that. Since China is such a powerhouse in the global market, I would like to have encountered a stronger back-story. Overall, this book was educational and opened my eyes to how global trade really works. Not only did I gain a basic knowledge about the global economy as a whole, but I learned what a free trade market really means. Above all, Rivoli forced me to ask myself some very important questions about the history of cotton and the textile industry, the exploitation of labor and struggling underdeveloped countries, and the state of free trade on an international scale.

Phoolan Devi free essay sample

Phoolan Devi the Bandit Queen of India By Anthony Bruno Another St. Valentines Day Massacre On February 14, 1981, 18-year-old Phoolan Devi had only one thing on her mind: revenge. Waiting outside the remote village of Behmai on the Yamuna River in northern India, a band of about 20 dacoits (bandits) waited for her instructions. The dacoits were from three different gangs, but their goal was the same: to hunt down the treacherous Ram brothers, Sri Ram Singh and Lala Ram Singh. Sri Ram was a vicious gang leader who had spent time in prison. He was the focus of Phoolan Devi’s lust for justice because he had murdered her lover, Vikram Mallah, as she slept by his side. Phoolan Devi wearing bandit gear Slight in build but strong and agile, Phoolan wore a military-style khaki jacket, denim jeans, and zippered boots. Her dark, straight hair was cut short, ending at her neck. We will write a custom essay sample on Phoolan Devi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By some accounts, she was wearing lipstick and red nail polish. A wide red bandana—the symbol of vengeance— was tied around her head, covering her hairline and brows. She carried a Sten rifle and a bandolier across her chest. While she mourned for her lover, she did not want to be treated as a woman. She wanted her comrades to think of her as a man because she wanted the kind of revenge only a man could achieve in India’s caste-bound society. She had told them to call her â€Å"Phool,† the masculine version of her given name. She and her band of dacoits had spent the night in the nearby hamlet of Ingwi. As morning broke, Phoolan, her close lieutenant Man Singh, and Baba Mustakim, a fellow dacoit leader, planned their attack on Behmai. Most of Behmai’s population was thakurs, the land-owning caste and the second highest in the Indian system. Sri Ram was a thakur, and though he had once been allied with Phoolan and Vikram, he had always looked down upon them because they were mullahs, the fishermen’s’ caste and one of the lowest. Though just a teenager, Phoolan Devi had been victimized by the caste system her entire life, treated as either a servant or a sex object. Because she was so outspoken in her objections to the men who oppressed her, she had been frequently beaten, bound, imprisoned, and raped. A dacoit gang had kidnapped her from her village, but she soon became one of them, showing that she could be as ruthless and bloodthirsty as any man. But unlike the other bandits who infested the northern states of India, Phoolan Devi did not steal for her own enrichment. Like Robin Hood, she stole from the rich and gave to the poor, particularly poor women. Her inspirations were the Durga, the Hindu goddess of shakti, strength and power, and Mohandas K. Gandhi, the Indian statesman and humanitarian who had fought for equality among all people. Dacoit gangs have a long history of preying on travelers and looting villages in the northern states of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, which borders on Nepal. The region is characterized by its wild and rugged landscapes—mountains, maze-like ravines, desolate valleys, and uncharted jungles. To this day, buses travel in armed caravans to fight off likely raids. Some believe that the bandits who thrive in these states have been driven to criminality by extreme poverty and the inability to overcome the strictures of the caste system. Others believe that they are just the dregs of society, criminals by nature that, like the Mafia, has learned the benefits of organization. But Phoolan Devi was unique. She was an idealist who sought to right the wrongs of society. She was also a passionate woman who had never known love or respect until she met Vikram Mallah. She swore never to rest until she avenged his murder. Now, after months of searching for Sri Lam, she had finally found him. One of her men had learned that he was hiding out in Behmai, and she was determined to capture him there. She and the other bandit leaders decided to split their force into three units. One would take the direct path to the village and attack head-on while the other two would lie in wait on the flanks. When the villagers fled from the frontal attack, the flanking units would intercept them and isolate the Ram brothers. Sri Ram, after all, would not be hard to spot, Phoolan reasoned. He had distinctive red hair, a red beard, and bloodshot red eyes. To her he was the devil incarnate. The Neem Tree Phoolan Devis father Devidin Phoolan Devi was born in the village of Gorha Ka Purwa in Uttar Pradesh, the second child in a family of four sisters and a younger brother. Her father, Devidin, worked as a sharecropper and was considered cursed for having had so many daughters. Although they were very poor, Phoolan’s family was not the poorest in the village because her father owned about an acre of land and the huge Neem tree that grew on it. A Neem tree In her autobiography, I, Phoolan Devi, she recalls that the Neem tree’s trunk was so large, she and two of her sisters together could barely encircle it with their arms. The valuable timber that could be derived from the tree was, in effect, the family’s nest egg. Phoolan came to love that tree for its beauty and majesty and would often rest under its shade. Phoolans cousin Mayadin Her father should have been richer, but his crafty older brother Bihari had seized his inheritance of 15 acres with the empty promise that he would care for Devidin and his family. When Bihari died, his estate was left to his oldest son, Phoolan’s cousin Mayadin. Though just a child at the time, Phoolan distrusted Mayadin. â€Å"He had the face of a lizard: a flat nose with big wide nostrils and lying eyes,† she wrote. After his father’s funeral, Mayadin went to his uncle Devidin and told him that he was now the elder of the family and would be accorded all the respect that position deserved. But it wasn’t long before Mayadin showed his true colors. While Phoolan’s parents were away for a night, Mayadin sent a crew of workers to cut down Devidin’s prized Neem tree and sell the wood, taking the proceeds for himself. When Devidin returned to find his tree gone, he did not protest. After living so many years under his brother’s subjugation, he knew the futility of trying to fight back. Phoolan was stunned and appalled by her father’s passivity. In Indian society, a woman would never dare challenge a man, no matter how offensive his behavior, but Phoolan Devi was fearless, headstrong, and provocative. Though only ten years old, she already had a reputation for promiscuity and was known to bathe naked in the river in broad daylight, unconcerned with who might be watching. She confronted her cousin and demanded that he compensate her father for the Neem tree. He tried to ignore her, but she taunted him in public, called him a thief, and staged a sit-in on his land with her older sister. Mayadin finally lost his patience and struck the impertinent girl with a brick, knocking her out cold. The beating did not silence her. She continued to harangue Mayadin, demanding justice. To get rid of the little nuisance, Mayadin arranged to have her married to a man named Putti Lal who lived several hundred miles away. Putti Lal was in his thirties; Phoolan was eleven. Her reputation for promiscuity was totally unfounded, and after she was married, she had no idea what was expected of a wife. Fearing his â€Å"snake,† as she called his penis, she refused to have sex with him. Since he already had another wife, he accepted Phoolan’s refusal and relegated her to household labor. She was so miserable she ran away from her husband’s house and walked home. When she arrived in her village, her family was horrified. A wife simply did not abandon her husband, they believed. It was unheard of. Phoolan’s mother, Moola, was so ashamed, she told her daughter to go to the well and jump in to kill herself. Phoolan was so confused and distraught she contemplated it. In time, Phoolan recovered her sense of self and rejected her family’s condemnations. She continued to challenge Mayadin, taking him to court for unlawfully holding land that should have been her father’s. In court she seldom contained her emotions, and her dramatic outbursts often left the courtroom stunned. In 1979 Mayadin accused Phoolan of stealing from his house. She denied the accusation, but the police arrested her anyway. While in custody, she was beaten and raped repeatedly, then left to rot in a rat-infested cell. She knew that her cousin was behind this injustice. The experience broke her body but ignited her hatred for men who routinely denigrated women. In July of that year a gang of dacoits led by a notorious bandit leader named Babu Gujar set up camp outside Phoolan’s village. The people of the village naturally feared for their lives and their property. Babu Gujar was apparently told of Phoolan Devi’s stubborn impertinence because he sent her a letter in which he threatened to kidnap her or cut off her nose, a traditional punishment for women who got out of line. What happened next is the matter of some debate. Phoolan herself has given conflicting accounts of the event. The dacoits took her from her village and brought her into the rugged ravines. As Mary Anne Weaver writes in her article â€Å"India’s Bandit Queen,† â€Å"Perhaps she had indeed been kidnapped. Perhaps Mayadin had paid the dacoits to take her away. Perhaps she was trying to protect her young brother, whom she adored. Or perhaps she simply walked away † She was brought to Babu Gujar who â€Å"brutalized† her for seventy-two hours. Gujar’s lieutenant, Vikram Mallah, could no longer stand the young girl’s torment, so he shot and killed the dacoit leader. Tall and unusually thin with a pale complexion and long black hair, Vikram Mallah admired Phoolan since he first set eyes on her. In her autobiography she recounts her feelings about her rescuer: â€Å"I felt strange—happy but still frightened. A man had touched me softly, he had stroked my hair and touched my cheeks I felt I could trust him, something I had never felt about a stranger or a man before. Gradually I stopped sobbing, and my tears dried. If I stayed with him, perhaps I would be happy: no more beatings, no more pain, no more humiliation. † Bonnie Clyde Vikram took over as leader of the gang, and he and Phoolan became lovers. The killing of Babu Gujar was considered shocking because Vikram belonged to a lower caste than Gujar. It wasn’t long before Vikram and Phoolan were as notorious as Bonnie and Clyde. According to Weaver, Phoolan was so enthralled with her new life with Vikram, she had a rubber stamp made that she used on all her letters. It identified her as â€Å"Phoolan Devi, dacoit beauty; beloved of Vikram Mallah, Emperor of Dacoits. † Back from Heaven Vikram was Phoolan’s mentor in the ways of the dacoits. She learned how to use a rifle and started carrying one wherever she went. She dressed in the khaki, pseudo-police uniform that the bandits favored, and for once in her life, her bold and fearless behavior was valued as Vikram showed her how to kill, steal, and kidnap for profit. Traveling an 8,000 square-mile area of jungles, ravines, and sandy ridges, their gang raided upper-caste villages and looted trains and bus convoys. Statue of the goddess Durga Phoolan, however, was not in it solely for the money. She saw banditry as a way to correct social inequality by toppling the oppressors and redistributing their wealth. Like a pair of later-day Robin Hoods, she and Vikram gave away much of their ill-gotten gains to the poor. She was motivated by the spirit of the goddess Durga, and before and after every raid she would find a temple and pray to Durga for strength and success. Their life together was a romantic dream filled with adventure, derring-do and tender intimacy, not unlike the extravagant, popular, Indian films Phoolan came to love. Vikram took her to her first movie, and she instantly became enraptured with the spectacle and splendor—as well as the bombast—of â€Å"Bollywood† cinema. Vikram bought her a cassette recorder, and she cherished listening to the soundtracks from her favorite films. But like Bonnie and Clyde their run didn’t last forever. While the law finally ambushed the American bank-robber couple, Phoolan and Vikram were undone by one of their own. Vikram’s â€Å"guru† in crime was Sri Ram, an older bandit who had run with Babu Gujar until his arrest. Vikram had spent time in prison with Sri Ram and was an eager pupil. Vikram’s sentence was shorter than Sri Ram’s, so when he got out, he scraped together 80,000 rupees to bail out Sri and his brother Lala Ram. After Sri was released, Vikram invited him to join his gang, telling his men that Sri would now be their leader. But many of Vikram’s bandits were leery of the change in administration. Sri Ram was a high-caste thakur while most of them were from lower castes. Suspicion and mistrust were inevitable, and Phoolan shared these feelings. Though the gang stayed together, they split into two factions: Vikram’s men and Sri Ram’s men. Some time after Sri Ram’s return, Phoolan and Vikram were invited to a wedding in a remote village. The poor frequently invited them to wedding ceremonies, and Phoolan would often give money to impoverished parents who did not have proper dowries. On this occasion, Phoolan, Vikram, and their men were preparing to hike to the village. At the last minute the Ram brothers and their men decided to join them. They set off after dark, marching by torch light. Along the way they stopped at the edge of field where a man was selling melons. As Vikram was taking his first bite of melon, Phoolan heard two gunshots nearby. She looked to Vikram, but he had dropped his melon and had collapsed to the ground. He had been shot twice in the back. Phoolan suddenly realized that Sri Ram was not with the pack. He had fallen back and was still in the field. Though she didn’t actually see it, Phoolan had no doubt that he was the one who had shot her lover. She ran to Vikram. There was blood bubbling out of his back, his clothes were burnt, and there was a stink of sulfur,† Phoolan says in her autobiography. But despite the severity of his wounds, Vikram never lost consciousness. Phoolan tied a cloth around his torso to staunch the bleeding. He was taken to a doctor who, after examining him, declared that it would be too risky to remove a bullet which had lodged next to his spine. The doctor di d what he could, but he doubted that Vikram would survive. Rumors spread through the region that Vikram had already died, and for the moment police efforts to locate him were suspended. She didn’t want to put him in jeopardy, but she desperately missed lying by his side, so she agreed to spend the night. Gentle rains pelted the canvas of their tent and lulled the weary lovers to sleep. Sometime later Phoolan was roused from a deep sleep by the â€Å"deafening explosion† of gunfire. â€Å"My head was spinning as though I had been drugged,† she wrote of the incident. She reached for her gun, but she was groggy and lethargic. Vikram whispered to her, â€Å"Phoolan. It’s him. The bastard shot me † She looked up and saw the shadowy figure of Sri Ram holding a gun. Phoolan was confused and disoriented. She smelled something that made her nauseous. Then she realized what it was, chloroform, which the gang kept on hand for kidnappings. She later learned that Sri Ram and his men had chloroformed Vikram and his contingent to prevent retaliation. Sri Ram and two of his men picked her up and hauled her out of the tent. She tried to fight back as best she could, but Sri Ram clubbed her with his rifle butt, knocking her to the ground. She was stripped naked and tied up. They carried her to the river and tossed her into a rowboat. As the boat pushed off the shore, she could see Sri Ram’s face looming over her. Why didn’t you kill me, too? † she asked â€Å"Oh, you can still be a great deal of use,† he said with a smirk. She could hear the oars cutting through the water and feel the rain on her body. She tried to fight the effects of the chloroform, but she couldn’t make sense of what was happening to her. Where are they taking me? she wondered. What is the red-eyed devil going to do to me? They Passed Me from Man to Man. They arrived at a village on the river, and Phoolan Devi’s humiliation continued. Still naked, she was taken to the center of the village where Sri Ram publicly declared that she had killed her lover Vikram. He incited the men of the village, many of them thakurs like himself, demanding that she be punished. He was the first to rape her. After he was finished with her, he offered her to everyone else. â€Å"They passed me from man to man,† she wrote in I, Phoolan Devi. They beat her and cursed her. In the days that followed, Sri Ram took her to other villages, Phoolan couldn’t remember how many. â€Å"I was paraded in front of the villagers. Each time, Sri Ram called me a mallah whore. He said I was the one who killed Vikram and, hurling me to the ground, told the villagers to use me as they pleased. Phoolan Devi after three weeks of torture This torture went on for more than three weeks. Throughout the ordeal she prayed to Durga for strength and liberation, all the while wondering how and when this could possibly end. On the twenty-third day, she found herself in the thakur village of Behmai where Sri Ram led her around on a leash like a dog. She was bruised and filthy fr om head to foot. Sri Ram dragged her listless body to the center of the village where a group of thakur men had gathered and demanded that she fetch him fresh water from the well. When she refused, he beat her mercilessly, tearing off her only garment, a blanket, and kicking her over and over again. Finally, to stop the onslaught, she got up and limped to the well to do as he asked as the thakurs mocked her and spat on her. That night an old Brahmin came to her rescue, quietly releasing her from the shed where she was kept and sneaking her out of Behmai in a bullock cart. He took her to the jungle where she wandered until she was found by a shepherd woman who nursed her back to health. But her hatred for the Ram brothers, especially Sri Ram, was the one wound that would not heal. When she was well enough to travel, Phoolan began to plot her revenge. Eventually she joined a gang of dacoits made up of men from the gadariya caste, but she wasn’t interested in working for another master. She stayed only long enough to kidnap two wealthy merchants and earn 50,000 rupees in ransom. She wanted to start her own gang. Another dacoit leader, a Muslim named Baba Mustakim, offered to help her when he heard of the indignities she suffered at the hand of Sri Ram. Mustakim offered to give her ten of his own men to start her gang, and she could pick whomever she wanted.

Rizal Essays

Rizal Essays Rizal Essay Rizal Essay After seeing Dr. Jose Rizal’s life through the movie, I’ve learned so much about him, aside from the common things. At his younger years, Rizal showed so many traits and the most important thing is his nationality. And even though faced with the far more superior Spaniards, Rizal showed no sign of fear. Rizal at his attainment of higher education at Ateneo Municipal even showed that he was far more superior to the Spaniards. He finished a Medical course with â€Å"Excellent† remarks.From this his educational achievement, I can really say that even though he was seen as a lower person, he showed that he was far superior and smarter than them. Rizal’s peaceful way of revolt against the Spaniards started when he was in Spain and his friend told him that many bad things have been happening to Philippines, most especially to his hometown, Calamba. He wrote a novel with the main character named Crisostomo Ibarra, personifying himself living in a place somewhat r esembling Philippines.It also showed the malfunctions of the Spanish Government administrating Philippines. Having read Rizal’s novel, the Spaniards showed this as treason against their rule in the Philippines. At the time Rizal was convicted of treason, he showed no fear and remained in his peaceful arms against the Spanish Government. He remained strong, in the face of death. I’ve reflected from the movie the nationality of Rizal for our country.Indeed he was a noble man, for he used peaceful means against the Spaniards to let them know that what they’ve done to our country was wrong. He was humble because even thought he learned so many things he remained down to earth, humorous based on the movie I’ve seen he still throw jokes to the Spaniards when other people at his place would tremble and he never fails in making everybody smile and intellectual for he has attained many things and used them for good reasons. Indeed Dr. Jose Rizal is the Philippines Greatest Hero.

Virtual Reality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Virtual Reality - Research Paper Example At some point in 1990s other terms related to VR appears such as, virtual environment or synthetic environment (Mario Gutierrez, F Vexo, & Thalmann,). Virtual reality is considered as the most powerful human-computer interface. However a number of TV shows, magazines, newspapers and discussions have described virtual reality in many different as, well as in confusing ways (Burdea & Coiffet, 2003). In terms of functionality, virtual reality is defined as the simulation of computer graphics in order to create the real looking world. The three I’s of virtual reality is immersion, interaction and imagination (Burdea & Coiffet, 2003). Some people link virtual reality on the basis of devices such as the head mounted displays also known as goggles are considered as the simulators however, in recent year’s virtual reality is not conducted via head mounted displays but it is done through huge projection screens or desktop PCs (Burdea & Coiffet, 2003). In the same fashion, sensin g gloves i.e. another example of virtual reality device is now being replaced by the trackballs and joysticks. Hence, virtual reality cannot be defined on the basis of devices as, new devices are being manufactured and improvement in technology is being escalated every year therefore, replacing the previous technology and devices (Burdea & Coiffet, 2003). ... Display of organ reactions such as bleeding from an artery. Interactivity between objects such as surgical instruments and organs. Sensory feedback – tactile and force feedback. Definition Virtual reality is defined as the transfer of information effortlessly, efficiently and fluently from the device to the operator by means of a well-organized man made computer interface. The specific components such as head-coupled virtual images, stereoscopic displays, hap tic interfaces and position-tracking systems characterize virtual reality as a technological system. Virtual reality as illustrated by Kalawsky as: â€Å"Virtual environments are synthetic sensory experiences that communicate physical and abstract components to a human operator and participant. The synthetic sensory experience is generated by a computer system that one day may present an interface to the human sensory systems that is indistinguishable from the real physical world† (Beutel,). Another book named The Silicon Mirage defines virtual reality as â€Å"Virtual reality is a way for humans to visualize, manipulate and interact with the computers and extremely complex data† (Beutel,). The above definitions state that the virtual reality is a group of technologies as, well as the new example of human interaction and manipulation of information. In other words, virtual reality offers its users to navigate, act together in a three dimensional computer generated environment in actual era. History The history of virtual reality starts in the late 1960s. Virtual reality (VR) was narrated as the multisensory simulation of the real world. Morton Heilig a cinematographer constructed a multisensory vehicle simulator in 1962 which was named as ‘Sensorama’ (Mario Gutierrez,

Technology Management Blog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology Management Blog - Essay Example The book, Service Strategy explained that "in simplest sense, it [ROI] is the net profit of an investment divided by the net worth of the assets invested," and that "the resulting percentage is applied to either additional top-line revenue or the elimination of bottom-line cost." (TSO 2007, p. 112) It is easy, hence, to understand how in service management, ROI came to be considered as a benchmark to determine the ability of an organization to use assets in order to generate more value. For example, when financial managers develop and introduce a service to the market, there is no telling whether it can provide financial returns to the investment. Using ROI, however, the management can predict, examine and analyze product/service performance not just after service delivery but also early in the process, such as during the planning stage. What this means is that financial managers can either integrate value-added services or improve on existing ones depending on the stage of a given p roject or strategy. The above point is significant because service strategy is all about analyzing trends, looking at whether strategies, policy and standards introduced achieve their goal or are viable. (VHP 2007, p. 199) ROI can be crucial in several techniques to analyze trends and performance such as the Component Failure Impact Analysis, Fault Tree Analysis, Service Failure Analysis and so forth. Finally, ROI also plays an important part in identifying opportunities. This is demonstrated in the capacity management technique, which analyzes when which customer uses what services, how they use them and how this influences the performance of one or more systems or components. (VHP, p. 199) ROI enables managers to measure whether a product or service meet a specific or numerical criterion. A problem with the way ROI is used in financial management and in service strategy phase, particularly, is when ROI calculations are focused

Assignment #4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment #4 - Essay Example Access to technology has given way to continuous improvement and set standards for excellent service delivery. Information services serve six different functions in the organization, namely; ensuring validity and reliability of data, storing and retrieving data, training support users, maintain data security, maintain communication and continuous improvement of the Information Services (John and Kenneth 388). In recent years, IS has gradually risen to become a core utility in healthcare organizations. This is because of its reliance in supporting transactions necessary for healthcare processes, performing measures that steer improvement, as well as making learning much easier by improving the communication process. IS helps healthcare organizations to maintain high degrees of accuracy of information while also supporting effective communication. IS also helps in makes it easy for organizations to store and retrieve data, process the data in to useful sets of information, and plays a big role in training other users. The benefits of IS to an organization are seen through customer satisfaction, and improvements in clinical as well as other units of the healthcare organization (John and Kenneth 383). The best way to implement Information Services is to view customers of the organization as services. All planning activities must be integrated with specific improvements in customer performance through improvements in patient

Bland-Altman Agreement Analysis in Laboratory Research

Bland-Altman Agreement Analysis in Laboratory Research Use of Bland-Altman agreement analysis in laboratory research: A survey of current reporting standards. Introduction- Advances in technology have led to development of new instruments and measurement devices in field of medicine. The clinicians and researchers often need to compare a newer method of measurement with an established one, to check for interchangeability. While assessing for interchangeability the emphasis should be on testing how well two methods agree with each other. Earlier Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient was used as a measure of agreement[R]. However the approach was inappropriate as this coefficient merely indicated association rather than agreement [R]. Hence Bland and Altman in their series of publications[R] stressed on quantification of bias. They provided a simpler and visually attractive plot for agreement analysis of continuous variables measured on the same scale.[R] After its introduction to medical literature in 1983, the Bland-Altman’s (B-A) method [R] is one of most commonly used statistical method for agreement analysis. The method is extensively used in evaluating the agreement of laboratory analytes, physiological variables, newer instruments and other devices. B-A method[R] advocates the construction of a scatter plot, where the absolute difference between the paired measurements is plotted on y-axis against the mean of two methods on x-axis. The SD of differences between paired measurements is then used to construct 95% limits of agreement (as  ± 1.96 SD). The 95% of differences between paired measurements are expected to lie between these upper and lower LOA. The conclusions on agreement and interchangeability of two methods are then made based upon the width of these LOA in comparison to a priori defined clinical criteria[R]. The plot also enables the researcher to visually assess the bias, data scatter and the relationship between magnitude of difference and size of measurement. Often in biologic systems data scatter and the magnitude of differences increases proportionally to the size of the measurement (hetero-scedastic distribution). Bland and Altman recommended the logarithmic or percentage transformation of data in case of heter o-scedastic distribution and then constructing B-A plot with transformed data[R] instead of classical absolute difference plot. Contrary to conventional statistical hypothesis testing, the output of B-A analysis consists of bias and LOA, both of which are estimates[R]. The estimates have inherent risk of sampling error and hence the authors suggested calculation of confidence interval (CI) of bias and LOA. The method also advocated the collection of data in replicates. Replicates are defined as two or more measurements on the same individual by the same method, taken in identical conditions. Replicates enable the comparison of the agreement between the two methods with the agreement each method has to itself (repeatability) [R] B-A also advocated for sample size calculations on in method comparison studies[R]. Despite its simplicity and frequent use in clinical laboratory research, the B-A method is not properly interpreted and reported in medical literature. Studies [R]conducted a decade ago highlighted poor reporting standards of B-A method, however there is paucity of current information on the same. Furthermore, uniform statistical reporting of results not only increases the generalizability of results, but also facilitates the inclusion of studies in systemic reviews and meta-analysis. Hence the aim of study was to review the current reporting standards of B-A method in laboratory research in medical literature. Material and methods- Three researchers (VC, RB, and SK) participated in this study. All researchers were qualified health professionals. VC and SK had previous experience of publishing laboratory research [R] with use of B- A agreement analysis. Eligibility criteria- Studies which tested agreement of laboratory analytes with continuous measurements, as per B-A methodology were included. Literature search- A thorough search of PUBMED, MEDLINE and GOOGLE SCHOLAR was conducted for studies published in years 2012 and 2013. The search strings used to search potential studies were â€Å"Agreement analysis† AND/OR â€Å"Bland Altman analysis† (MeSH) and â€Å"Laboratory analytes† and â€Å"clinical biochemistry† (MeSH). Included studies were evaluated according to Bland and Altman methodology on a predesigned checklist. The studies were evaluated for following 8 items: (1.) Measures of repeatability (2.) Representation and correct definition of LOA (3.) Correct representation of x-axis on BA plot (4.) Reporting of CI of LOA (5.) Comparison of limits of agreement with a priori defined clinical criteria (6.) Evaluation of pattern of relationship between difference (y-axis) and average (x-axis) (7.) Use of logarithmic or percentage conversion of data in case of heteroscedastic relationship between the difference and average (8.) Sample size calcula tions. Each item on the checklist was rated as ‘Yes’or ‘No’. We also recorded the data on use of other statistical methods for testing of agreement. However, we did not perform detailed evaluation of included studies for other statistical methods of agreement. To ensure accurate data retrieval, each included study was evaluated twice by one author (VC) and data recorded on predesigned checklist. Opinion was taken from second author (SKK) in case of confusion arising during data extraction. We compared the results of our study with 3 similar surveys done earlier. Results- A total of 156 studies were screened for potential inclusion in the study. A total of 50 studies, were retrieved and included in the final study. The 38% of included studies were published in journals of various streams of internal medicine, while 30%, 26% and 6% were published in journals of laboratory medicine, emergency medicine, anaesthesia respectively. Results of survey and its comparison to three previous studies are as shown in Table-1.The other statistical methods used in addition to B-A plot in included studies were correlation coefficient (70%), Deming Regression(14%), Passing Bablok regression (14%), linear regression (24%), Lin’s Concordance (8%), Sensitivity specificity analysis (16%), Interclass correlation coefficient (6%), Grid error plot (10%), Critchley polar plots (2%). Discussion- Use of B-A for method comparison has increased in recent years with most of authors using it for analysing agreement. The original paper on agreement analysis by B-A[R] is among one of most cited statistical publication, with more than 34000 citations. Although claimed as a method which is simpler to perform and interpret, the method is often used and interpreted without proper understanding. Review by Berthelsen et al[R] in 2006 and earlier studies[R] demonstrated unsatisfactory reporting of B-A analyses, in anaesthesiology literature. Williamson et al[R] proposed a method of meta-analysis of method comparison studies, however authors also highlighted the problem of non-uniform reporting of studies. [R] Twomey et al [R] suggested use of method hierarchy for selection of x-axis and advocated use of gold standard method as x-axis in B-A plot. However Bland and Altman statistically proved that use of any single method instead of average of two methods as x-axis is misguided and leads to misinterpretation[R]. Results of our study suggest that 94% of studies reported x-axis correctly, which is almost similar to results of earlier studies conducted by Mantha et al (94%) [R] and Dewitt et al (87%) [R]. although most method comparison computer softwares (analyse it, Graphpad Prism, EP evaluator) automatically select x-axis as mean of two methods, errors in selection of x-axis are still noticed. The 95% LOA were correctly defined and drawn in 94 %( 47) of included studies. Further among 47 studies with correct definition of LOA, the 3 studies interpreted LOA wrongly concluding good agreement because 95 % of differences were present in-between upper and lower LOA. The 95 % LOA are in-fact drawn so as to contain 95% of differences between them. It is not LOA per se, but width of these LOA in comparison to a priori defined clinical criteria that conclusions regarding agreements can be made. The decision on acceptable differences between two methods is primarily clinical rather than statistical. Earlier studies by Dewitte et al [R]and Mantha et al[R] had shown that comparison with pre-defined clinical criteria was missing in >90% of studies. Total 74 % of authors in our study commented on agreement on basis of predefined clinical criteria which represents a significant improvement in reporting standards. The specifications for clinical acceptance criteria of laboratory analytes have been provided as by Ricos et al[R], CLSI[R], and West guard QC[R]. Alternatively a Delphi survey (expert opinion) can be done to determine acceptable limits before instituting study. The CI limits of LOA were reported in only 6% of included studies in our study. The LOA are estimates and reporting LOA without CI is equivalent to reporting a sample mean without its CI. The CI limits [Ludbrook et al] represent the range within which a single, new, observation taken from the same population would be expected to lie. Although strongly recommended by B-A[R], and subsequently proved by a simulation study conducted by Hamilton et al[R], the statistical reporting of CI of LOA has remained poor (Mantha et al-2.6%) [R]. Although recommended by B-A method, the pattern of relationship between difference and wider concentration range is rarely evaluated[R]. Drawing difference plot with parallel LOA in datasets with heteroscedastic scatter makes LOA wider in lower concentration range and narrower in higher concentration range thus affecting validity of interpretation. [R] Bland and Altman [R]proposed logarithmic transformation of data with heteroscedasticy and then constructing difference plot against average of two methods using log transformed data. For meaningful understanding of LOA, they suggested back-transformation (antilog) of the log transformed data. Alternatively[R] plot of ratios of two methods or percent difference can be plotted against average of two methods for simpler interpretation. Transformation of data usually renders the scatter of differences as uniform (Homoscedastic). Twomey et al[R] recommended the drawing up of funnel shaped or V shaped LOA instead of classical parallel LOA in data sets with heteroscedastic scatter. Another option is breaking the data into smaller subsets and then analysing these subsets with absolute difference plot to make conclusions. [Twomey et al] We observed that only 28 % of studies made an attempt at evaluation of pattern of scatter. Rest of authors did not comment on pattern thus affecting the validity of results. Another important problem noticed was lack of assessment of repeatability (38%), a practice that has not shown any substantial improvement Table-1. Conclusions drawn from studies without repeatability assessment are likely to be uncertain. Assessment of errors of the two methods (repeatability) enables the construction of the worst-case acceptable LOA. [R] With poor repeatability of one or both methods, the agreement between the two methods is bound to be unacceptable. [R] Sample size calculations were done in only 15 studies. Lack of power and sample size analysis reduces validity of results. Different researchers have proposed sample size calculation for method comparison studies using Bayesian[R], regression[R], or concordance [R] approach. However Stockl et al[R] proposed an approach incorporating CI of LOA and predefined error limits in B-A plot. The approach is simple and allows for visual interpretation of appropriate sample size, as the classical B-A plot provides for agreement. Despite a lot of research on B-A method in field of statistics, the uptake of the method in medical research has been slow. While efforts are on in statistical community for use of modifications of B-A plot in special situations like repeated measure studies[R] or using bar charts in B-A plots with limited value ranges[R], unfortunately reporting standards of classical B-A method among medical community are unacceptable. Guidelines â€Å"Reporting reliability and Agreement Studies (GRRAS)† were published as a guide to appropriate reporting of reliability and agreement studies. We found unsatisfactory reporting of B-A analysis in our study.

Violent Video Games

Researchers, parents and educators are all discussing the controversy around violent video games and their influence on kids. The audience seems to be divided into two large groups: one is in favor of restricting or even banning violent video games as they make children (and, arguably, adults as well) more prone to aggressive behavior, like that seen on the screen. Opponents of this view claim that video games do not cause violent behavior in real life and are, in fact, a safe outlet to natural aggression and frustration.Representatives of the first group such as John Leo, in his article When Life Imitates Video† argue that watching countless deaths and identifying with killers would undoubtedly lead to people feeling more comfortable about violence and suffering in their everyday life. He even goes so far as to say that playing games that involve shooting people is akin to undergoing training to kill (in other words, it is like a â€Å"dress rehearsal† of potential murd ers). (Leo 1999).On the other hand, there are claims that violent media are beneficial Cones), because in the present world kids are at a higher risk of growing up passive and weak than violent and riotous, and when hey see examples of rebellion, domination and well, violence, they are able to channel their suppressed feelings and deal with issues that otherwise remain unresolved. In my opinion, violent video games cannot be directly responsible for real-life violence but on the contrary they can help release stress and anger in non-violent methods.John Leo agrees that most murders are not directly connected to violent games. However, he says that some murders are. In particular, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, the students who murdered 13 and wounded 21 more people in Columbine high school massacre, enjoyed playing video games such as Doom, and they acted out in real life what they have seen on the screen. Well, even in this particular case, it is not that simple. Obviously, a lot m ore than playing murderous games contributed to the actual killings in Colorado.The teenager murderers were frequently the victims of bullying (involving being covered in ketchup in school cafeteria and having fecal matter thrown at them). Once they were arrested based on wrongful accusations, and that was very traumatic for both of them. The mother of Dylan Klebold admitted that she prayed that her son would ommit suicide – this illustrates lack of support for the boy in the family. The other youth, Eric Harris, was taking an antidepressant, which he abruptly discontinued, and that is another possible reason for emotional instability and elevated aggression levels.All of the above does not indicate that Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris were completely innocent. They were not. Yet, there crimes were not caused directly by video games, as most likely their playing violent games were not a cause but an outcome of frustration which they had because of different factors. If there ar e essons to be learned from this massacre, it is necessary to realize that to prevent another incident like that from happening, it would be insufficient to Just ban violent video games.A lot of issues involving peer and teacher support, mental health, prevention of bullying, education, closer attention to what is going on in kids' lives need to be resolved to promote safety and make sure this type of episode is never repeated. Also, video games have been around for several decades, while Going back to the Colorado massacre, Dylan and Eric thought very highly of Adolf Hitler. Their obsession with anti-human philosophies has no connection to violent video games, but obviously it displays that the kids were not properly socialized.The games were not the only outlet of feelings of aggression, rejection and frustration that the boys carried around. And, speaking of Adolf Hitler; he obviously never played violent video games, simply because they were not around back then. That did not ma ke him a nice person, ready to resolve conflicts peacefully. And he is not alone, human history abounds in ruthless, cruel, ready to inflict pain and degrade other people. And, historically, these dictators have not played violent computer games either.Gerard Jones is more persuasive because he is talking about his personal experience and that of his son, and some other real kids. Unlike John Leo, who did not seem to do the background check on the Colorado massacre (or else, ignored the findings and picked out only the facts that support his theory), Gerard Jones' evidence looks more persuasive, as he indicates that violent video games (and comics, and other media products, for that matter) not only channel aggression, they help to manage such emotions as fear, greed, rage and power hunger.In modern society, those emotions are considered inappropriate. Children, however, have to deal with them – and imaginary selves, capable of handling and using those motivations, are very h elpful in this aspect. Statistics show that crime does not go up in the countries where people play a lot of video games. The crime rate depends on other things: prosperity, economics, psychological wellbeing, and so on, violent media content does not seem to be one of them. However, maybe virtual violence make people less sensitive and more engrossed with themselves, less emphatic to others?These matters are really hard to measure; however, in my opinion, our society is placing emphasis on equal opportunities, fair play, human rights and charity. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that people now are callous, insensitive and heartless. That is simply not true. The studies that show that there is a link between violence on screen and violence in reality, say that there is a connection but not necessarily cause-and-effect dependency. In other words, people who tend to be violent would choose violent games, while the reverse statement does not hold true.It is true that the video games, movies, comics and stories all bear influence upon the society at large and each individual member of it. Indeed, watching indiscriminate violent content all the time does not contribute to a child growing up into a reasonable, intelligent or, for that matter, healthy adult. However, there is no sufficient reason to state that there is a direct connection between violent video games and real-life violence; they rather demonstrate are verse effect of calming down negative feelings. Works Cited Jones, Gerard. Violent Media is Good for Kids. June 27, 2000. Web. 24 Feb. 2013 Violent Video Games Researchers, parents and educators are all discussing the controversy around violent video games and their influence on kids. The audience seems to be divided into two large groups: one is in favor of restricting or even banning violent video games as they make children (and, arguably, adults as well) more prone to aggressive behavior, like that seen on the screen. Opponents of this view claim that video games do not cause violent behavior in real life and are, in fact, a safe outlet to natural aggression and frustration.Representatives of the first group such as John Leo, in his article When Life Imitates Video† argue that watching countless deaths and identifying with killers would undoubtedly lead to people feeling more comfortable about violence and suffering in their everyday life. He even goes so far as to say that playing games that involve shooting people is akin to undergoing training to kill (in other words, it is like a â€Å"dress rehearsal† of potential murd ers). (Leo 1999).On the other hand, there are claims that violent media are beneficial Cones), because in the present world kids are at a higher risk of growing up passive and weak than violent and riotous, and when hey see examples of rebellion, domination and well, violence, they are able to channel their suppressed feelings and deal with issues that otherwise remain unresolved. In my opinion, violent video games cannot be directly responsible for real-life violence but on the contrary they can help release stress and anger in non-violent methods.John Leo agrees that most murders are not directly connected to violent games. However, he says that some murders are. In particular, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, the students who murdered 13 and wounded 21 more people in Columbine high school massacre, enjoyed playing video games such as Doom, and they acted out in real life what they have seen on the screen. Well, even in this particular case, it is not that simple. Obviously, a lot m ore than playing murderous games contributed to the actual killings in Colorado.The teenager murderers were frequently the victims of bullying (involving being covered in ketchup in school cafeteria and having fecal matter thrown at them). Once they were arrested based on wrongful accusations, and that was very traumatic for both of them. The mother of Dylan Klebold admitted that she prayed that her son would ommit suicide – this illustrates lack of support for the boy in the family. The other youth, Eric Harris, was taking an antidepressant, which he abruptly discontinued, and that is another possible reason for emotional instability and elevated aggression levels.All of the above does not indicate that Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris were completely innocent. They were not. Yet, there crimes were not caused directly by video games, as most likely their playing violent games were not a cause but an outcome of frustration which they had because of different factors. If there ar e essons to be learned from this massacre, it is necessary to realize that to prevent another incident like that from happening, it would be insufficient to Just ban violent video games.A lot of issues involving peer and teacher support, mental health, prevention of bullying, education, closer attention to what is going on in kids' lives need to be resolved to promote safety and make sure this type of episode is never repeated. Also, video games have been around for several decades, while Going back to the Colorado massacre, Dylan and Eric thought very highly of Adolf Hitler. Their obsession with anti-human philosophies has no connection to violent video games, but obviously it displays that the kids were not properly socialized.The games were not the only outlet of feelings of aggression, rejection and frustration that the boys carried around. And, speaking of Adolf Hitler; he obviously never played violent video games, simply because they were not around back then. That did not ma ke him a nice person, ready to resolve conflicts peacefully. And he is not alone, human history abounds in ruthless, cruel, ready to inflict pain and degrade other people. And, historically, these dictators have not played violent computer games either.Gerard Jones is more persuasive because he is talking about his personal experience and that of his son, and some other real kids. Unlike John Leo, who did not seem to do the background check on the Colorado massacre (or else, ignored the findings and picked out only the facts that support his theory), Gerard Jones' evidence looks more persuasive, as he indicates that violent video games (and comics, and other media products, for that matter) not only channel aggression, they help to manage such emotions as fear, greed, rage and power hunger.In modern society, those emotions are considered inappropriate. Children, however, have to deal with them – and imaginary selves, capable of handling and using those motivations, are very h elpful in this aspect. Statistics show that crime does not go up in the countries where people play a lot of video games. The crime rate depends on other things: prosperity, economics, psychological wellbeing, and so on, violent media content does not seem to be one of them. However, maybe virtual violence make people less sensitive and more engrossed with themselves, less emphatic to others?These matters are really hard to measure; however, in my opinion, our society is placing emphasis on equal opportunities, fair play, human rights and charity. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that people now are callous, insensitive and heartless. That is simply not true. The studies that show that there is a link between violence on screen and violence in reality, say that there is a connection but not necessarily cause-and-effect dependency. In other words, people who tend to be violent would choose violent games, while the reverse statement does not hold true.It is true that the video games, movies, comics and stories all bear influence upon the society at large and each individual member of it. Indeed, watching indiscriminate violent content all the time does not contribute to a child growing up into a reasonable, intelligent or, for that matter, healthy adult. However, there is no sufficient reason to state that there is a direct connection between violent video games and real-life violence; they rather demonstrate are verse effect of calming down negative feelings. Works Cited Jones, Gerard. Violent Media is Good for Kids. June 27, 2000. Web. 24 Feb. 2013

Graffiti : art or vandalism Essay

Graffiti is a true art with different meanings that involves many styles and risks that can damage artists physically and socially. Graffiti is an art, not a simple tagging on a trash can or an alley wall but an actual mural that represents meanings in every detail, style, and even every color. How many times have you seen a graffiti mural and asked yourself: what was the inspiration of the making of the mural? Three arguments in favor of legalizing graffiti are that people shouldn’t judge graffiti also that it’s a way of expressing what the world is going through, and lastly graffiti artists are unfairly punished when they are not a danger to society. Don’t judge graffiti as â€Å"bad† if you don’t know what it stands for. One person who does graffiti in a meaningful way is Obey, who creates communist propaganda. He expresses how he feels and how many people feel about communism. Another person that takes time to express the people thoughts of life is Banksy, he’s one of the most known graffiti artists who’s murals actually make you think of how life is or what the worlds going through . One of many quotes that Banksy wrote is â€Å" People say graffiti is ugly, irresponsible and childish. But that’s only if it’s done properly†. I feel that when someone goes out on their own time to do posters or a mural representing how people from every society are feeling, they should be rewarded for standing up for their people they are also leaders such as the president standing for the country’s rights. Graffiti for many people is more then a simple tagging, it’s their way of life. These artists get up everyday and just draw whatever is on their mind. It could be about a dream, a future goal, or it can even be how they feel about our economy. As you can see in the pictures above, you may think how true are those two quotes. If you look past the quotes, it’s a graffiti mural expressing the daily thoughts of an average person in society. Read more:  Is Graffiti Art or Vandalism Essay Expressing what you think shouldn’t be a crime if you’re not hurting another peer ,a simple scribble could be considered a tagging any one from any age can do that just because they don’t consider them self taggers doesn’t mean there not able to write on a wall Graffiti artists go through a lot just to make a mural. Graffiti artists include adults as well as many teenagers who are trying to express their ways of life. Many get arrested and let go but many get put in jail or juvenile hall for minors-giving a bad reputation for the artist later in life. Many graffiti artist get injured by attempting to do a graffiti piece, anti graffiti citizens go out and attack many artists wile there writing on private properties in many cases gangs get involved causing taggers to get seriously injured and even get killed making a little problem become a big problem. Graffiti is more than a tagging in a alley, though it’s illegal without the property owners say, but with out the owners permission they could express their creativity. With many people against graffiti and not letting graffiti artists do murals in their property, graffiti artists also known as taggers go out and tag wherever they want, making it a crime. I don’t ask for you to take any actions forward graffiti art but to actually take your time and analyze what the graffiti piece signify and not only judge it, in most cases it was done illegally but really think how it would be if there were legal places where graffiti artist could express their thoughts .

Essay on Options and Firm Offers

Essay on Options and Firm Offers Essay on Options and Firm Offers Essay on Options and Firm Offers  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The option C is the enforceable contract that Sally and Louie may have upon signing the paper. This contract is enforceable since it contains the promise of Sally to reserve her Monday mow for Louie until 5 p.m. and Louie promises to handle her $5Issue  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The issue is the establishment of the contract between Sally and Louie, where Sally promises to reserve her Monday mow for Louie until 5 pm, when Louie is supposed to take the final decision and enforce the contract by handling Sally $5 and agreeing to the contract’s conditions.Rule  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The rule is the restatement, para. 87 option contract, according to which an offer is binding as option contract if it is written and signed by the offeror and is made irrevocable by the statute.Rule explanation  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The rule means that the parties h ave signed the contract and the binding of the contract makes it irrevocable that means that if either party refuses from the contract by violating its provisions becomes responsible for the breach of contract.Application  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In case of Sally and Louie the application of the rule means that Louie should either agree and accept Sally offer by 5 pm and handle her $5 or, alternatively, he should refuse from the contract and did not accept the offer made by Sally. Sally in her turn should wait until 5 pm and set herself free to choose any other client to contract her Monday mow. She may act in the same way, if Louie refuses to pay her $5, if he accepts her offer.Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, Sally and Louie have a binding contract, which is enforceable by 5 pm upon options determined in the written form of the contract.